Figure A1.

Examples of three-stage games. (i) Dot comparison: participants were asked to choose which box contained more dots. Actually, both boxes always contained an equal number of 30−40 dots. (ii) Shape matching: participants were asked to judge whether the two shapes together could form a perfect circle. Actually, none of the shapes met this criterion. (iii) Dot counting: participants were asked to estimate the number of dots more or less than the presented number (32 or 38). The number of dots was between 30 and 40.