Table 2.
Demographics of the final analytical cohort.
| Characteristic | Total (N = 207) | Case (N = 94) | Control (N = 113) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| GBD Super Region | |||
| High Income | 95 (46%) | 41 (44%) | 54 (48%) |
| Latin America and Caribbean | 83 (40%) | 34 (36%) | 49 (43%) |
| South Asia | 9 (4%) | 7 (7%) | 2 (2%) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 20 (10%) | 12 (13%) | 8 (7%) |
| Age at enrollment (years) | |||
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 50 (45–54) | 49 (44–54) | 50 (45–54) |
| Average (SD) | 50 (6) | 50 (6) | 50 (6) |
| 40–49 | 102 (49%) | 49 (52%) | 53 (47%) |
| 50–59 | 87 (42%) | 37 (39%) | 50 (44%) |
| 60+ | 18 (9%) | 8 (9%) | 10 (9%) |
| Natal sex | |||
| Male | 152 (73%) | 73 (78%) | 79 (70%) |
| Female | 55 (27%) | 21 (22%) | 34 (30%) |
| Race | |||
| White | 80 (39%) | 33 (35%) | 47 (42%) |
| Black or African American | 79 (38%) | 34 (36%) | 45 (40%) |
| Asian | 11 (5%) | 8 (9%) | 3 (3%) |
| Other | 37 (18%) | 19 (20%) | 18 (16%) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 21 (22%) | 12 (29%) | 9 (16%) |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 76 (78%) | 29 (71%) | 47 (84%) |
| Cardiometabolic risk factors | |||
| ASCVD risk score (%) | |||
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 3.9 (2.2–6.2) | 4.1 (2.8–6.7) | 3.9 (2.1–5.9) |
| Average (SD) | 4.6 (3.1) | 4.8 (3.0) | 4.4 (3.3) |
| 0−<2.5 | 56 (27%) | 23 (24%) | 33 (29%) |
| 2.5−<5 | 68 (33%) | 29 (31%) | 39 (35%) |
| 5–10 | 71 (34%) | 38 (40%) | 33 (29%) |
| >10 | 12 (6%) | 4 (4%) | 8 (7%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 25.9 (23.2–29.5) | 26.3 (24.0–30.7) | 25.6 (22.6–28.6) |
| Average (SD) | 26.9 (5.5) | 27.6 (5.9) | 26.3 (5.2) |
| Hypertension at entry | |||
| Yes | 63 (30%) | 30 (32%) | 33 (29%) |
| Ever been on a statin | |||
| Yes | 20 (10%) | 9 (10%) | 11 (10%) |
| History of diabetes | |||
| Yes | 3 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3%) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current | 41 (20%) | 17 (18%) | 24 (21%) |
| Former | 62 (30%) | 25 (27%) | 37 (33%) |
| Never | 104 (50%) | 52 (55%) | 52 (46%) |
| HIV-related health status | |||
| Duration of HIV (years) | |||
| <5 | 25 (12%) | 12 (13%) | 13 (12%) |
| 5–10 | 66 (32%) | 36 (38%) | 30 (27%) |
| >10 | 116 (56%) | 46 (49%) | 70 (62%) |
| Total ART use (years) | |||
| <5 | 48 (23%) | 23 (24%) | 25 (22%) |
| 5–10 | 58 (28%) | 28 (30%) | 30 (27%) |
| 10+ | 101 (49%) | 43 (46%) | 58 (51%) |
| ART regimen (by class) | |||
| NRTI + NNRTI | 101 (49%) | 52 (55%) | 49 (43%) |
| NRTI + INSTI | 53 (26%) | 20 (21%) | 33 (29%) |
| NRTI + PI | 35 (17%) | 16 (17%) | 19 (17%) |
| NRTI-sparing | 4 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (2%) |
| Other NRTI-containing | 14 (7%) | 4 (4%) | 10 (9%) |
| Nadir CD4 count (cells/mm3) | |||
| <50 | 33 (17%) | 15 (16%) | 18 (17%) |
| 50–99 | 25 (13%) | 11 (12%) | 14 (13%) |
| 100–199 | 41 (21%) | 20 (22%) | 21 (19%) |
| 200–349 | 49 (25%) | 23 (25%) | 26 (24%) |
| 350–499 | 27 (14%) | 13 (14%) | 14 (13%) |
| 500+ | 25 (13%) | 9 (10%) | 16 (15%) |
| HIV-1 RNA (copies/mL) | |||
| <LLQ | 144 (92%) | 59 (95%) | 85 (90%) |
| LLQ−< 400 | 12 (8%) | 3 (5%) | 9 (10%) |
| CD4 count (cells/mm³) | |||
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 633 (485–852) | 606 (483–795) | 690 (494–908) |
| Average (SD) | 690 (306) | 650 (296) | 723 (311) |
| <200 | 4 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 2 (2%) |
| 200–349 | 20 (10%) | 11 (12%) | 9 (8%) |
| 350–499 | 32 (15%) | 14 (15%) | 18 (16%) |
| 500+ | 151 (73%) | 67 (71%) | 84 (74%) |
| CD8 count (cells/mm³) | |||
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 728 (544–1021) | 773 (546–1006) | 676 (515–1023) |
| Average (SD) | 812 (375) | 850 (401) | 778 (348) |
| CD4:CD8 ratio | |||
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.5–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.4) |
| Average (SD) | 1.0 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.5) |
| Soluble CD14 (ng/mL) | |||
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 1687 (1435–1987) | 1602 (1389–1820) | 1782 (1493–2151) |
| Average (SD) | 1734 (449) | 1617 (387) | 1825 (474) |
| Antibody status | |||
| IgG result | |||
| Positive | 85 (41%) | 85 (90%) | 0 (0%) |
| IgA result | |||
| Positive | 52 (25%) | 52 (55%) | 0 (0%) |
| Clinical COVID-19 and medicationin cases only | |||
| Severity grade of COVID-19 case | |||
| Mild | N/A | 38 (40%) | N/A |
| Moderate | N/A | 44 (47%) | N/A |
| Severe | N/A | 12 (13%) | N/A |
| Received corticosteroids | |||
| Yes | N/A | 9 (10%) | N/A |
| Received antivirals | |||
| Yes | N/A | 6 (6%) | N/A |
| Received immune sera and immunoglobulins | |||
| Yes | N/A | 1 (1%) | N/A |
| Received immunosuppressants | |||
| Yes | N/A | 1 (1%) | N/A |