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. 2023 Feb 23;9(3):427–439. doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01351

Figure 5.

Figure 5

In vivo immunomodulation improves adjuvants in a model ovalbumin vaccination. (A) Schematic of in vivo study timeline. (B) Additional modulators studied in vivo and their structures. (C) Agonist + PME-564 serum anti-OVA IgG antibody levels, day 49, n = 4. Statistical analyses between agonist and agonist + PME-564 were performed by an unpaired t test. (D) Systemic TNF-α levels 1 h after vaccination with agonist, agonist + modulator, and vehicle (N = 4) for R848 (TLR7/8) and CpG (TLR9). Statistical analyses between agonist + modulator groups and agonist alone were performed by a one-way ANOVA test *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.