Table 2.
Rate of congenital anomalies according to type of infection during the first trimester of pregnancy and odds ratios for associationa
| n/N (%) | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Major congenital anomalies | |||
| Acute respiratory infection | |||
| No | 15,486/1441327 (1.07) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 22/1547 (1.42) | 1.33 (0.88, 2.03) | 1.33 (0.88, 2.02) |
| Influenza | |||
| No | 15,612/1450187 (1.08) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 4/399 (1.00) | 0.94 (0.35, 2.5) | 0.95 (0.36, 2.54) |
| High-risk infectionsc | |||
| No | 15,630/1452026 (1.08) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1/129 (0.78) | 0.71 (0.10, 5.20) | 0.72 (0.1, 5.27) |
| Cleft lip and palate | |||
| Acute respiratory infection | |||
| No | 2222/1441327 (0.15) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1/1547 (0.06) | 0.43 (0.06, 2.91) | 0.43 (0.06, 2.9) |
| Influenza | |||
| No | 2239/1450187 (0.15) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1/399 (0.25) | 1.62 (0.22, 11.66) | 1.68 (0.23, 12.18) |
| High-risk infectionsb/ | |||
| No | 2240/1452026 (0.15) | ||
| Yes | 0/129 (0) | ||
| Selected cardiovascular anomaliesd | |||
| Acute respiratory infection | |||
| No | 1724/1441327 (0.12) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 7/1547 (0.45) | 3.79 (1.80, 7.99) | 3.64 (1.73, 7.66) |
| Influenza | |||
| No | 1739/1450187 (0.12) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1/399 (0.25) | 2.10 (0.3, 14.86) | 2.04 (0.29, 14.42) |
| High-risk infectionsc | |||
| No | 1745/1452026 (0.12) | ||
| Yes | 0/129 (0) | ||
| All major cardiovascular anomalies (ICD AM Q20–25) | |||
| Acute respiratory infection | |||
| No | 7671/1441327 (0.53) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 14/1547 (0.90) | 1.70 (1.00, 2.89) | 1.68 (0.99, 2.84) |
| Influenza | |||
| No | 7745/1450187 (0.53) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 2/399 (0.50) | 0.95 (0.24, 3.75) | 0.95 (0.24, 3.78) |
| High-risk infectionsc | |||
| No | 7758/1452026 (0.53) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1/129 (0.78) | 1.45 (0.20, 10.45) | 1.41 (0.19, 10.26) |
BOLD type indicates p < 0.05
aOnly first trimester analysis is included in the Table 2. We have kept infections in 2nd/3rd trimester in analyses as a separate group, but they are not shown in the table. Results of 2nd/3rd trimesters are presented in the supplementary tables (S4, S5 and S6)
bAdjusted for maternal age group at delivery, smoking during pregnancy, remoteness of area of residence, quartile of socioeconomic status based on area of residence, previous pregnancy, country of birth, hospital of delivery, the number of weeks pregnant at first antenatal visit, Indigenous status, hypertension, and diabetes
cTORCH and other known causes of congenital anomalies
dAs per Australian reporting - Abeywardana S & Sullivan EA 2008. Congenital anomalies in Australia 2002–2003. Birth anomalies series no. 3 Cat. no. PER 41. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal