Table 1.

Static cues for mechanical regulation of cells

	Materials/technics	Molecular properties	Mechanisms and characteristics
Elasticity and stiffness	Hydrogels Membranes Pillars[ 118 , 119 , 126 ]		Affect the force loading rate of mechanical input on the integrin–receptor molecules interactions Coupled with other physical properties Complex in 3D culture environments
Topography	Lithography/pattern Surface roughening Material manipulation[ 7 , 142 , 143 , 144 ]		Size‐dependent cell mechanoresponse Microscale features reorganize the cellular cytoskeletal structures Nanotopography regulate the adhesion molecular structures Only for 2D culture
Geometry	Lithography/pattern[ 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 ]		Geometry and size‐dependent cell mechanoresponse Reorganize cell actin filaments and cell tension
Ligand presentation	Lithography/pattern/chemical engineering[ 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 ]		Ligand intensity affect the force loading rate of mechanical input on the integrin‐receptor molecules interactions Affect the adhesion molecules formation (integrin clustering, FAs)