Table 1.
Before matching |
After matching |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Control (n = 24317) |
Dexmedetomidine (n = 2849) | p value | Control (n = 4552) |
Dexmedetomidine (n = 2391) |
p value |
Demographics | ||||||
Age, year | 53.37 ± 14.43 | 53.72 ± 14.67 | .217 | 53.23 ± 13.78 | 53.24 ± 14.17 | .846 |
Male, % | 47.1 | 52.5 | <.001 | 47.2 | 46.8 | .707 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.92 ± 3.58 | 23.31 ± 3.59 | <.001 | 22.78 ± 2.98 | 22.98 ± 3.07 | .078 |
Alcohol, % | 5.2 | 2.5 | <.001 | 5.8 | 2.7 | <.001 |
Smoking, % | 8.0 | 3.3 | <.001 | 7.2 | 4.6 | .006 |
Hypertension, % | 21.3 | 20.5 | .286 | 18.7 | 17.5 | .231 |
Diabetes, % | 12.4 | 11.3 | .11 | 7.6 | 6.5 | .13 |
Diuretics, % | 2.1 | 0.7 | <.001 | 1.8 | 0.8 | <.001 |
ACEI/ARB, % | 1.1 | 0.5 | .002 | 0.6 | 0.5 | .411 |
CCB, % | 0.13 | 0.04 | .283 | 0.1 | 0.5 | .691 |
Pre-operative conditions | ||||||
Hemoglobin, g/L | 122.64 ± 22.69 | 125.23 ± 22.31 | <.001 | 124.12 ± 22.33 | 125.01 ± 20.01 | .021 |
Serum albumin, g/L | 39.73 ± 5.53 | 39.90 ± 5.08 | .121 | 39.88 ± 5.20 | 40.04 ± 5.00 | .797 |
Pre-operation eGFR (mL/min) | 97.62 ± 23.59 | 99.74 ± 20.85 | <.001 | 97.55 ± 22.79 | 100.44 ± 20.79 | <.001 |
Surgical data | ||||||
ASA grade, % | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
1 | 5.7 | 5 | 6.02 | 5.47 | ||
2 | 55.3 | 54.9 | 57.14 | 57.34 | ||
3 | 33.8 | 37 | 32.27 | 34.63 | ||
4 | 5.2 | 3.2 | 4.57 | 2.55 | ||
Anesthesia method, % | ||||||
General anesthesia, % | 89.4 | 78.4 | <.001 | 90.05 | 78.21 | <.001 |
Non-general anesthesia, % | 10.6 | 21.6 | <.001 | 9.95 | 21.29 | <.001 |
Amount of fluid infusion, (mL/24 hours) | 2100 (1500–3100) | 2100 (1500–3100) | .685 | 2100 (1500–3100) | 2100 (1500–3100) | .352 |
Amount of fluid out (mL/24 hours) | 500 (300–900) | 600 (300–1000) | <.001 | 550 (300–909) | 600 (300–1000) | <.001 |
Amount of blood loss, mL | 150 (50–400) | 200 (50–400) | .013 | 200 (50–400) | 200 (50–400) | .984 |
Operative time, min | 151 (103–220) | 175 (120–253) | <.001 | 158 (105–224) | 175 (120–250) | <.001 |
Lowest MAP, mmHg | 61.29 ± 14.64 | 58.87 ± 17.03 | <.001 | 61.42 ± 14.77 | 58.86 ± 16.82 | <.001 |
Duration of hypotension, min | 15 (10, 22) | 17 (12, 25) | .442 | 15 (10, 21) | 15 (11, 22) | .591 |
Vasoactive drugs, % | 8.5 | 8.4 | .729 | 7.7 | 7.9 | .725 |
NSAIDS, % | 24.1 | 18.8 | <.001 | 25.13 | 19.41 | <.001 |
Baseline characteristics of the patients who received Dexmedetomidine versus who did not before and after propensity score matching. ACEI: ACE inhibitors; AKI: acute kidney injury; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologist; BMI: body mass index; CCB: calcium-channel blockers; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate: MAP: mean arterial pressure. Vasoactive drugs include ephedrine and metaraminol: NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Parecoxib (40–80mg) or Flurbiprofen (50–100mg).