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. 2023 Mar 23;45(1):2192285. doi: 10.1080/0886022X.2023.2192285

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics.

  Before matching
After matching
Variable Control
(n = 24317)
Dexmedetomidine (n = 2849) p value Control
(n = 4552)
Dexmedetomidine
(n = 2391)
p value
Demographics
 Age, year 53.37 ± 14.43 53.72 ± 14.67 .217 53.23 ± 13.78 53.24 ± 14.17 .846
 Male, % 47.1 52.5 <.001 47.2 46.8 .707
 BMI (kg/m2) 22.92 ± 3.58 23.31 ± 3.59 <.001 22.78 ± 2.98 22.98 ± 3.07 .078
 Alcohol, % 5.2 2.5 <.001 5.8 2.7 <.001
 Smoking, % 8.0 3.3 <.001 7.2 4.6 .006
 Hypertension, % 21.3 20.5 .286 18.7 17.5 .231
 Diabetes, % 12.4 11.3 .11 7.6 6.5 .13
 Diuretics, % 2.1 0.7 <.001 1.8 0.8 <.001
 ACEI/ARB, % 1.1 0.5 .002 0.6 0.5 .411
 CCB, % 0.13 0.04 .283 0.1 0.5 .691
Pre-operative conditions
 Hemoglobin, g/L 122.64 ± 22.69 125.23 ± 22.31 <.001 124.12 ± 22.33 125.01 ± 20.01 .021
 Serum albumin, g/L 39.73 ± 5.53 39.90 ± 5.08 .121 39.88 ± 5.20 40.04 ± 5.00 .797
 Pre-operation eGFR (mL/min) 97.62 ± 23.59 99.74 ± 20.85 <.001 97.55 ± 22.79 100.44 ± 20.79 <.001
Surgical data
 ASA grade, %     <.001     <.001
 1 5.7 5   6.02 5.47  
 2 55.3 54.9   57.14 57.34  
 3 33.8 37   32.27 34.63  
 4 5.2 3.2   4.57 2.55  
Anesthesia method, %            
 General anesthesia, % 89.4 78.4 <.001 90.05 78.21 <.001
 Non-general anesthesia, % 10.6 21.6 <.001 9.95 21.29 <.001
 Amount of fluid infusion, (mL/24 hours) 2100 (1500–3100) 2100 (1500–3100) .685 2100 (1500–3100) 2100 (1500–3100) .352
 Amount of fluid out (mL/24 hours) 500 (300–900) 600 (300–1000) <.001 550 (300–909) 600 (300–1000) <.001
 Amount of blood loss, mL 150 (50–400) 200 (50–400) .013 200 (50–400) 200 (50–400) .984
 Operative time, min 151 (103–220) 175 (120–253) <.001 158 (105–224) 175 (120–250) <.001
 Lowest MAP, mmHg 61.29 ± 14.64 58.87 ± 17.03 <.001 61.42 ± 14.77 58.86 ± 16.82 <.001
 Duration of hypotension, min 15 (10, 22) 17 (12, 25) .442 15 (10, 21) 15 (11, 22) .591
 Vasoactive drugs, % 8.5 8.4 .729 7.7 7.9 .725
 NSAIDS, % 24.1 18.8 <.001 25.13 19.41 <.001

Baseline characteristics of the patients who received Dexmedetomidine versus who did not before and after propensity score matching. ACEI: ACE inhibitors; AKI: acute kidney injury; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologist; BMI: body mass index; CCB: calcium-channel blockers; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate: MAP: mean arterial pressure. Vasoactive drugs include ephedrine and metaraminol: NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Parecoxib (40–80mg) or Flurbiprofen (50–100mg).