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. 2023 Mar 20;15(1):2190304. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2190304

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 4. — Administration of LGG improves expression of bone turnover markers. (a-d) the changes of serum Ca level, CTX-I, and PINP, and CTX-I/PINP were observed among the groups. (n = 8–10). (e) Representative pictures in TRAP stained (scale bar, 100 µm; arrows, red-wine stained osteoclasts with multiple nuclei) (n = 3). (f) OC.N/BS of osteoclasts from slices of distal femur was evaluated in each group in two different fields of view. (n = 3). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. (n = 6–12). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.0001 (Dunnett multiple comparisons test). CTX-I, C-telopeptide of type I collagen; PINP, N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen; OC.N, the number of osteoclast; OC.N/BS, the number of osteoclast/the bone surface area.