Table 1.
Patient characteristics at baseline or the initiation of dialysis.
| KDE group (n = 3,469) | Matched Controls, non-KDE Group (n=13,869) | USRDS cohort (n=366,257) | p value* | p value** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 72.9 ± 10.9 | 72.9 ± 10.9 | 64.9 ± 14.9 | N/A | <0.0001 |
| 18–44 years, n (%) | 68 (1.96) | 274 (1.98) | 38,232 (10.4) | N/A | |
| 45–64 years, n (%) | 567 (16.3) | 2295 (16.5) | 132,852 (46.7) | ||
| >65 years, n (%) | 2834 (81.7) | 11300 (81.5) | 195,173 (53.3) | ||
| Gender, Male, n (%) | 1,955 (56.4) | 7,816 (56.4) | 212,294 (57.9) | N/A | 0.056 |
| BMI (kg/m2), n(%) | 28.9 ± 7.7 | 28.7 ± 7.6 | 29.5 ± 8 | 0.098 | 0.0001 |
| BMI ≥ 30 | 1,247 (36.3) | 4,931 (35.9) | 143,402 (39.5) | 0.6040 | 0.0001 |
| Race, n(%) | |||||
| White | 2,584 (74.5) | 10,152 (73.2) | 252,528 (68.9) | 0.022 | <0.0001 |
| Black | 739 (21.3) | 3,207 (23.1) | 94,696 (25.8) | ||
| Other | 146 (3.7) | 510 (3.7) | 19,043 ((5.2) | ||
| Hispanic ethnicity, n(%) | 283 (8.1%) | 1,388 (10) | 52,643 (14.3) | 0.0016 | <0.0001 |
| Employment status, n(%) | |||||
| Employed | 93 (2.7) | 865 (6.3) | 47,236 (12.9) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Unemployed | 468 (13.5) | 2,214 (16) | 232,434 (63.5) | ||
| Retired | 2,908 (83.8) | 10,790 (77.8) | 86,587 (23.6) | ||
| Primary Disease, n(%) | |||||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 6042 (43.6) | 1687 (48.6) | 171,040 (46.7) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 4920 (35.5) | 1279 (36.9) | 110,657 (30.2) | ||
| Glomerulonephritis | 661 (4.8) | 163 (4.7) | 25,829 (7.05) | ||
| Polycystic kidney disease | 156 (1.1) | 39 (1.12) | 6,278 (1.71) | ||
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||||
| Diabetes Mellitus§ | 2,279 (64.3) | 8,375 (60.4) | 224,403 (61.3) | <0.0001 | 0.0003 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1,237 (35.7) | 5,327 (38.4) | 122,932 (33.6) | 0.002 | 0.0092 |
| Hypertension | 3,143 (90.6) | 12,108 (87.3) | 318,958 (87.1) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Obstructive pulmonary disease | 441 (12.7) | 1,867 (13.5) | 39,608 (10.8) | 0.247 | 0.0003 |
| Coronary heart disease | 905 (26.1) | 3,123 (22.5) | 71,978 (19.7) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 555 (16) | 2,060 (14.7) | 49,342 (13.5) | 0.091 | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | 372 (10.7) | 1,498 (10.8) | 34,977 (9.6) | 0.8902 | 0.0192 |
| Pre-existing CVD§§ | 1,365 (39.4) | 4,972 (35.9) | 116,849 (31.9) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Cancer | 328 (9.5) | 1,387 (10) | 29,079 (7.94) | 0.333 | 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dl), n(%) | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 3.2 ± 4.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Below 2.7 | 367 (14.6) | 2350 (24.1) | 64,435 (24.47) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| 2.7 to 3.2 | 552 (21.9) | 2570 (26.3) | 66,627 (25.3) | ||
| 3.2 to 3.6 | 793 (31.4) | 2707 (27.7) | 71,014 (27) | ||
| Above 3.6 | 809 (32.1) | 2134 (21.9) | 61,249 (23.2) | ||
| Need for assistance, n(%) | 489 (14.1) | 2,461 (17.7) | 52996 (14.5) | <0.0001 | 0.534 |
| Under the care of Nephrologist, n(%) | |||||
| None | 573 (16.5) | 5472 (39.5) | 150,523(41.1) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Less than 6 months | 487 (14) | 1885 (13.6) | 51,303 (14) | ||
| 6–12 months | 770 (22.2) | 2492 (18) | 66,244 (18.1) | ||
| More than 12 months | 1639 (47.3) | 4020 (29) | 98,187 (26.8) | ||
| MDRD eGFR at dialysis initiation (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 13.1 ± 5 | 12.7 ± 5.4 | 11.95 ± 5.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Data is reported as mean±SD unless otherwise indicated.
Diabetes as a comorbidity was decided based on patients either having diabetes as a cause of ESRD or diabetes listed in other medical problems.
pre-existing CVD was calculated by patient having an existing diagnosis of any of the coronary heart disease, stroke or peripheral vascular disease.
p values for comparison between the KDE and matched non-KDE control cohort, by conditional logistic regression.
p values for comparison between the KDE the cotemporaneous USRDS cohort, by one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis tests (continuous variables) and chi-square test (categorical variables).
Abbreviations. KDE: Kidney Disease education, BMI: body mass index, CVD: cardiovascular disease, SD, standard deviation.