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The bsAbs targeting immunomodulatory checkpoints. The checkpoint-targeted bsAbs are mainly divided into three categories: targeting dual inhibitory checkpoints (①); targeting co-stimulatory and inhibitory checkpoints (②); and targeting immunomodulatory checkpoints and non-checkpoint targets (③④). TAA, tumor-associated antigen; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β.
