TABLE 2.
Statistical parameters of the eight crude neuropsychological test measures stratified by generation, sex, education.
| NP test and composite variable | Gen 1 | Gen 2 | Gen 3 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High school or lower | Above high school | High school or lower | Above high school | High school or lower | Above high school | |||||||
| Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| Measured NP test, mean (SD) | ||||||||||||
| 55‐ to 64‐ year‐old age group | ||||||||||||
| LMi | 7.3 (3.3) | 6.8 (3.2) | 9.3 (3.6) | 9.6 (3.1) | 9.6 (3.4) | 10.7 (3.2) | 11.8 (3.2) | 12.8 (3.1) | 10.85 (3.4) | 11.84 (3.4) | 11.7 (3.1) | 13.4 (3.3) |
| LMd | 6.4 (3.3) | 5.5 (3.3) | 8.4 (3.5) | 8.0 (3.0) | 8.7 (3.4) | 9.8 (3.4) | 10.9 (3.2) | 11.9 (3.4) | 9.57 (3.6) | 10.56 (3.6) | 10.5 (3.2) | 12.5 (3.6) |
| VRi | 6.7 (3.0) | 6.6 (2.9) | 8.4 (3.2) | 7.7 (3.1) | 8.1 (3.4) | 8.5 (2.9) | 10.0 (2.9) | 9.7 (2.9) | 7.72 (2.9) | 8.19 (2.3) | 8.8 (2.4) | 8.9 (2.6) |
| PASi | 12.1 (3.2) | 13.0 (3.5) | 13.1 (3.1) | 14.8 (3.1) | 12.3 (3.0) | 14.1 (3.0) | 13.5 (3.2) | 15.3 (3.1) | 13.00 (3.0) | 14.50 (3.6) | 13.8 (3.4) | 15.7 (3.3) |
| SIM | 12.2 (4.7) | 12.1 (5.4) | 16.2 (4.4) | 17.1 (4.0) | 15.2 (4.1) | 15.5 (3.3) | 18.0 (3.1) | 18.0 (3.1) | 15.86 (3.5) | 15.23 (2.7) | 17.7 (3.3) | 17.6 (2.8) |
| DSF | 6.0 (1.1) | 5.9 (1.2) | 6.4 (1.3) | 6.4 (1.2) | 6.3 (1.6) | 6.5 (1.4) | 7.3 (1.2) | 7.0 (1.3) | 6.56 (1.3) | 6.35 (1.2) | 7.0 (1.3) | 7.0 (1.2) |
| DSB | 4.2 (1.3) | 4.1 (1.1) | 4.8 (1.5) | 5.0 (1.4) | 4.6 (1.6) | 4.4 (1.1) | 5.3 (1.4) | 5.2 (1.2) | 4.70 (1.3) | 4.77 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.4) | 5.2 (1.3) |
| FAS | 29.5 (11.0) | 32.5 (12.2) | 37.9 (11.7) | 40.7 (11.2) | 29.2 (14.5) | 40.6 (13.7) | 43.4 (12.3) | 46.84 (11.4) | 34.76 (8.8) | 36.65 (9.8) | 40.0 (11.2) | 45.0 (11.7) |
| 65± ‐ year‐old age group | ||||||||||||
| LMi | 6.0 (3.3) | 5.7 (3.1) | 7.8 (3.4) | 7.6 (3.4) | 9.4 (3.4) | 10.1 (3.5) | 10.8 (3.6) | 11.6 (3.6) | 9.0 (3.6) | 11.2 (3.0) | 13.0 (3.9) | 12.8 (3.7) |
| LMd | 4.8 (3.6) | 4.2 (3.0) | 6.5 (3.5) | 6.0 (3.5) | 8.4 (3.6) | 9.0 (3.8) | 9.7 (3.6) | 10.6 (3.8) | 8.3 (4.9) | 10.2 (3.0) | 12.0 (4.5) | 11.7 (4.3) |
| VRi | 4.7 (2.9) | 4.6 (2.7) | 6.2 (3.1) | 6.4 (3.0) | 7.1 (3.2) | 6.4 (3.1) | 8.2 (2.9) | 8.0 (3.2) | 7.0 (1.7) | 6.9 (2.1) | 8.0 (2.2) | 8.2 (2.3) |
| PASi | 10.7 (3.3) | 11.8 (3.4) | 11.5 (3.4) | 12.9 (3.4) | 11.6 (3.1) | 12.8 (3.0) | 12.3 (3.2) | 13.9 (3.3) | 11.5 (2.2) | 14.6 (2.7) | 14.1 (3.1) | 13.8 (3.7) |
| SIM | 9.8 (5.8) | 8.9 (5.7) | 14.3 (5.3) | 14.7 (4.4) | 14.1 (4.0) | 13.9 (3.4) | 16.8 (3.6) | 16.4 (3.7) | 16.3 (2.5) | 12.9 (4.2) | 17.4 (3.2) | 15.9 (3.9) |
| DSF | 5.6 (1.3) | 5.5 (1.3) | 6.2 (1.2) | 6.1 (1.2) | 6.4 (1.3) | 6.2 (1.3) | 6.9 (1.3) | 6.5 (1.3) | 5.7 (1.2) | 6.7 (1.2) | 7.1 (1.3) | 6.0 (1.1) |
| DSB | 3.8 (1.2) | 3.9 (1.2) | 4.5 (1.4) | 4.4 (1.2) | 4.6 (1.4) | 4.4 (1.0) | 5.0 (1.3) | 4.9 (1.3) | 4.0 (1.0) | 4.8 (1.3) | 4.8 (1.2) | 4.8 (1.1) |
| FAS | 26.6 (11.6) | 27.1 (12.1) | 37.1 (12.3) | 37.1 (11.5) | 31.2 (12.3) | 29.6 (10.7) | 37.7 (12.2) | 37.6 (14.7) | 40.0 (8.9) | 37.1 (14.6) | 41.7 (13.8) | 37.1 (10.4) |
| Standardized NP score, mean (SD) | ||||||||||||
| 55‐ to 64‐ year‐old age group | ||||||||||||
| LMi | 9.5 (0.8) | 9.4 (0.8) | 10.0 (0.9) | 10.0 (0.7) | 10.0 (0.8) | 10.3 (0.8) | 10.6 (0.8) | 10.8 (0.7) | 10.3 (0.8) | 10.6 (0.8) | 10.5 (0.7) | 11.0 (0.8) |
| LMd | 9.5 (0.8) | 9.3 (0.8) | 10.0 (0.8) | 9.9 (0.7) | 10.1 (0.8) | 10.3 (0.8) | 10.6 (0.7) | 10.8 (0.8) | 10.3 (0.8) | 10.5 (0.8) | 10.6 (0.8) | 11.0 (0.8) |
| VRi | 9.8 (0.9) | 9.8 (0.8) | 10.3 (1.0) | 10.1 (0.9) | 10.2 (1.0) | 10.3 (0.9) | 10.8 (0.9) | 10.7 (0.9) | 10.1 (0.9) | 10.2 (0.7) | 10.4 (0.7) | 10.5 (0.8) |
| PASi | 9.7 (0.9) | 10.0 (1.0) | 10.0 (0.9) | 10.5 (0.9) | 9.8 (0.9) | 10.3 (0.9) | 10.1 (0.9) | 10.7 (0.9) | 10.0 (0.9) | 10.4 (1.0) | 10.2 (1.0) | 10.8 (0.9) |
| SIM | 9.5 (0.9) | 9.5 (1.0) | 10.3 (0.8) | 10.4 (0.8) | 10.1 (0.8) | 10.2 (0.6) | 10.7 (0.6) | 10.7 (0.6) | 10.3 (0.7) | 10.2 (0.5) | 10.6 (0.6) | 10.6 (0.5) |
| DSF | 9.9 (0.8) | 9.8 (0.9) | 10.2 (0.9) | 10.2 (0.9) | 10.1 (1.2) | 10.2 (1.0) | 10.8 (0.9) | 10.6 (1.0) | 10.3 (0.9) | 10.1 (0.8) | 10.6 (1.0) | 10.6 (0.9) |
| DSB | 9.8 (0.9) | 9.8 (0.8) | 10.3 (1.1) | 10.4 (1.0) | 10.2 (1.2) | 10.0 (0.8) | 10.7 (1.0) | 10.5 (0.9) | 10.2 (1.0) | 10.3 (0.8) | 10.6 (1.0) | 10.6 (1.0) |
| FAS | 9.7 (0.8) | 9.9 (0.9) | 10.3 (0.9) | 10.5 (0.8) | 9.6 (1.1) | 10.5 (1.0) | 10.7 (0.9) | 11.0 (0.9) | 10.1 (0.7) | 10.2 (0.7) | 10.4 (0.8) | 10.8 (0.9) |
| Memory | 9.5 (0.8) | 9.5 (0.8) | 10.1 (0.9) | 10.2 (0.8) | 10.2 (0.8) | 10.5 (0.8) | 10.5 (0.7) | 11.0 (0.8) | 10.0 (0.8) | 10.4 (0.8) | 10.6 (0.7) | 10.9 (0.8) |
| Attention | 9.8 (0.8) | 9.7 (0.8) | 10.4 (0.8) | 10.5 (0.8) | 10.4 (0.7) | 10.3 (0.6) | 10.9 (0.8) | 10.9 (0.7) | 10.1 (1.1) | 10.3 (0.7) | 11.0 (0.7) | 10.9 (0.7) |
| 65± ‐ year‐old age group | ||||||||||||
| LMi | 9.2 (0.8) | 9.1 (0.7) | 9.6 (0.8) | 9.5 (0.8) | 10.0 (0.8) | 10.2 (0.9) | 10.3 (0.9) | 10.5 (0.9) | 9.88 (0.9) | 10.4 (0.7) | 10.9 (0.9) | 10.8 (0.9) |
| LMd | 9.2 (0.8) | 9.0 (0.7) | 9.6 (0.8) | 9.4 (0.8) | 10.0 (0.8) | 10.2 (0.9) | 10.3 (0.8) | 10.5 (0.9) | 9.99 (1.1) | 10.4 (0.7) | 10.9 (1.0) | 10.8 (1.0) |
| VRi | 9.2 (0.8) | 9.2 (0.8) | 9.6 (0.9) | 9.7 (0.9) | 9.9 (1.0) | 9.7 (0.9) | 10.3 (0.9) | 10.2 (0.9) | 9.88 (0.5) | 9.9 (0.6) | 10.2 (0.7) | 10.2 (0.7) |
| PASi | 9.3 (0.9) | 9.6 (1.0) | 9.6 (1.0) | 10.0 (1.0) | 9.6 (0.9) | 9.9 (0.9) | 9.8 (0.9) | 10.2 (0.9) | 9.56 (0.6) | 10.5 (0.8) | 10.3 (0.9) | 10.2 (1.1) |
| SIM | 9.0 (1.1) | 8.9 (1.1) | 9.9 (1.0) | 10.0 (0.8) | 9.9 (0.8) | 9.9 (0.7) | 10.5 (0.7) | 10.4 (0.7) | 10.36 (0.5) | 9.7 (0.8) | 10.6 (0.6) | 10.3 (0.7) |
| DSF | 9.6 (1.0) | 9.5 (0.9) | 10.1 (0.9) | 10.0 (0.9) | 10.2 (0.9) | 10.0 (0.9) | 10.6 (1.0) | 10.3 (1.0) | 9.63 (0.9) | 10.4 (0.9) | 10.7 (0.9) | 9.9 (0.8) |
| DSB | 9.5 (0.9) | 9.6 (0.9) | 10.0 (1.0) | 10.0 (0.9) | 10.1 (1.1) | 9.9 (0.7) | 10.4 (1.0) | 10.3 (1.0) | 9.68 (0.7) | 10.3 (0.9) | 10.3 (0.9) | 10.3 (0.8) |
| FAS | 9.4 (0.9) | 9.5 (0.9) | 10.2 (0.9) | 10.2 (0.9) | 9.8 (0.9) | 9.7 (0.8) | 10.3 (0.9) | 10.3 (1.1) | 10.44 (0.7) | 10.2 (1.1) | 10.6 (1.0) | 10.2 (0.8) |
| Memory | 9.0 (0.8) | 9.0 (0.8) | 9.5 (0.8) | 9.6 (0.8) | 9.9 (0.8) | 10.0 (0.8) | 10.2 (0.8) | 10.5 (0.8) | 9.77 (1.0) | 10.4 (0.6) | 10.7 (0.9) | 10.6 (1.0) |
| Attention | 9.3 (0.9) | 9.3 (0.9) | 10.0 (0.8) | 10.1 (0.8) | 10.2 (0.9) | 10.0 (0.7) | 10.7 (0.8) | 10.4 (0.9) | 9.97 (0.5) | 10.3 (0.8) | 10.8 (0.7) | 10.3 (0.6) |
Notes: A subset of Gen 2 (n = 392) participants were measured for the three tests (F, A, and S Letter Fluency, Digit Span Forward, and Digit Span Backward) at the baseline NP test. Memory, the memory function domain was the average scores of LMi, LMd, PASi, and VRi. Attention, the attention function domain was calculated as the average of SIM, DSB, and DSB. FAS is only one measure in the verbal fluency domain. See Methods for details.
Abbreviations: DSB, Digit Span Backward; DSF, Digit Span Forward; FAS, F, A, and S Letter Fluency; LMd, Logical Memory at Delayed Recall; LMi, Logical Memory at Immediate Recall; NP, neuropsychological; PASi, Paired Associate Leaning (Immediate Recall); SD, standard deviation; SIM, Similarities; VRi, Visual Reproduction at Immediate Recall.