Table 3. Association Between High School Students’ Sleep Duration and Greater Difficulty Doing Schoolwork During the COVID-19 Pandemic — Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January–June 2021.
| Variable | Unadjusteda , b prevalence ratio (95% CI) | Adjustedb , c prevalence ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Female | 1.08 (1.03–1.13)d | 1.03 (0.98,1.09) |
| Male | Reference | Reference |
| Race and ethnicity | ||
| Hispanic or Latino | 1.06 (1.00–1.13)d | 1.08 (1.01–1.15)d |
| Non-Hispanic AIAN, Asian, NHPI, and multiracial | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | 0.98 (0.89,1.08) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 1.03 (0.96–1.1) |
| Non-Hispanic White | Reference | Reference |
| Grade | ||
| 9 | Reference | Reference |
| 10 | 1.01 (0.94–1.07) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) |
| 11 | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) |
| 12 | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 0.98 (0.91–1.05) |
| Sleep duration on average school night, h | ||
| ≤4 | 1.26 (1.14–1.38)d | 1.20 (1.08–1.33)d |
| 5 | 1.21 (1.12–1.31)d | 1.18 (1.09–1.28)d |
| 6 | 1.19 (1.10–1.28)d | 1.17 (1.08–1.27)d |
| 7 | 1.08 (1.00–1.18) | 1.08 (1.00–1.18) |
| ≥8 (met sleep recommendation) | Reference | Reference |
| Self-reported hunger during the COVID-19 pandemic | ||
| Always/most of the time/ sometimes | 1.11 (1.04–1.19)d | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) |
| Rarely/never | Reference | Reference |
| Poor mental health during COVID-19 pandemic | ||
| Always/most of the time | 1.21 (1.14–1.27)d | 1.17 (1.10–1.25)d |
| Sometimes/rarely/never | Reference | Reference |
| High level of screen time on average school day | ||
| Yes (≥5 h) | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 0.95 (0.91–1.00e) |
| No (<5 h) | Reference | Reference |
Abbreviations: AIAN, American Indian or Alaska Native; NHPI, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
a
Models present prevalence ratios calculated from predicted marginals from univariate logistic regressions. Each row presents the value from a regression model specific to that variable.
b
Sample size fluctuates for univariate models and is smaller for the fully adjusted model (N = 6,903) because of missing values.
c
Single model adjusted for self-reported hunger, poor mental health, screen time, sex, race or ethnicity, and grade.
d
P < .05 as indicated by Wald F test in logistic regression models.
e
Nonrounded value is 0.997, P = .03.