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. 2023 Mar 21;89(1):23. doi: 10.5334/aogh.4056

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Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s)

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Figure 5.1 Health costs of plastics across the plastic life cycle. — Health costs of plastic. Plastic causes significant harm to humans as well as the environment across all stages of its life cycle. Quantifying the human health disease burden and economic costs associated with plastic production, use, and disposal is a complex, and at times difficult, endeavor. Conducting high-quality epidemiological studies will greatly benefit this emerging field of research. PPP, purchasing power parity; PM_2.5, particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less; CO₂, carbon dioxide; Gt, Gigatons; CO₂e, carbon dioxide equivalent; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; PBDE, polybrominated diphenyl ether; BPA, bisphenol A.

Credit: Designed in 2022 by Will Stahl-Timmins.