. 2023 Mar 24;14:243–257. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.28390

Table 1. Cellular functions and mutation and overexpression incidence rates of G-proteins in human cancers.

Subfamily	Cellular functions	G-protein	Genetic alteration in cancer	Major cancer type	Incidence rates (%)	References
RAS	Mediate and activate some major pathways that control cell proliferation, survival, and cell cycle progression [4].	KRAS4b	Mutation	Pancreatic cancer	90	[28–31]
		KRAS4b		Non-small cell lung cancer	30–35
		KRAS4a		Colorectal Colon cancer	30–45
		HRAS	Mutation	Bladder urothelial	57	[32]
		NRAS	Mutation	Melanoma	94	[33, 34]
				Leukemia	59	[33, 34]
RHO	Regulate vesicle transport and assembly and disassembly of actin cytoskeleton required for cell migration and invasion [35].	RHOA	Overexpression	Colon	95	[35]
		RHOA	Overexpression	Lung	95	[35]
		RAC1	Mutation	Breast	50	[14, 33, 36–39]
			Overexpression	Breast	70
			Overexpression	Lung	50
		CDC42	Overexpression	Breast	95	[14, 33, 40]
		CDC42	Overexpression	Colorectal	60	[14, 33, 40]
ARF	Regulate different steps in intracellular membrane transport [7].	ARF1-ARF6	Unknown	–		[7]
RAB	Regulate vesicular membrane trafficking events such as early endosomal membrane tracking, fusion, and sorting [41].	RAB5	Unknown	–		[8, 41, 42]
RAN	Facilitates transport into and out of the nucleus [9].	RAN	Unknown	–		[9]