Table 1.
Characteristics and crude outcomes of patients surviving 1-year post-HF hospitalisation, and in subgroups of RASI and β-blocker users stratified by adherence level (PDC ≥ 90% versus PDC < 90%)
| Characteristic | Total (n = 4234) | RASI (n = 3668) | p-value | β-blockers (n = 2822) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDC < 90% | PDC ≥ 90% | PDC < 90% | PDC ≥ 90% | ||||
| Number | 4234 | 1580 (43.1) | 2088 (56.9) | NA | 1745 (61.8) | 1077 (38.2) | NA |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 2365 (55.9) | 911 (57.7) | 1164 (55.8) | 0.38 | 983 (56.3) | 651 (60.5) | 0.03 |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 76.4 (5.5) | 76.3 (5.5) | 76.3 (5.4) | 0.95 | 76.5 (5.5) | 75.4 (5.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Age group | |||||||
| 65–69 | 677 (16.0) | 259 (16.4) | 333 (15.6) | 0.96 | 278 (15.9) | 211 (19.6) | < 0.0001 |
| 70–74 | 929 (21.9) | 357 (22.6) | 469 (22.5) | 385 (22.1) | 284 (26.4) | ||
| 75–79 | 1257 (29.7) | 466 (29.5) | 631 (30.2) | 507 (29.1) | 309 (28.7) | ||
| 80–84 | 1371 (32.4) | 498 (31.5) | 655 (31.4) | 575 (33.0) | 273 (25.4) | ||
| Indigenous status | 95 (2.2) | 45 (2.9) | 27 (1.3) | 0.001 | 33 (1.9) | 13 (1.2) | 0.16 |
| Private insurance | 1153 (27.2) | 383 (24.2) | 616 (29.5) | 0.001 | 448 (25.7) | 333 (30.9) | 0.003 |
| ARIA + classification | 0.01 | 0.04 | |||||
| Major city | 1942 (45.9) | 796 (50.4) | 1015 (48.6) | 899 (51.5) | 520 (48.3) | ||
| Inner regional | 1250 (29.5) | 457 (28.9) | 681 (32.6) | 525 (30.1) | 361 (33.5) | ||
| Outer regional | 445 (10.5) | 185 (11.7) | 239 (11.5) | 197 (11.3) | 117 (10.9) | ||
| Remote | 195 (4.6) | 79 (5.0) | 103 (4.9) | 68 (3.9) | 51 (4.7) | ||
| Very remote | 140 (3.3) | 63 (4.0) | 50 (2.4) | 56 (3.2) | 28 (2.6) | ||
| SEIFA | 0.02 | 0.77 | |||||
| First quintile (most disadvantage) | 319 (7.5) | 134 (8.5) | 134 (6.4) | 123 (7.1) | 77 (7.2) | ||
| Second quintile | 858 (20.3) | 319 (20.3) | 420 (20.2) | 356 (20.4) | 213 (19.9) | ||
| Third quintile | 731 (17.3) | 290 (18.3) | 346 (16.6) | 310 (17.8) | 175 (16.3) | ||
| Fourth quintile | 1004 (23.7) | 348 (22.0) | 526 (25.2) | 416 (23.8) | 258 (24.0) | ||
| Fifth quintile (least disadvantage) | 1322 (31.2) | 489 (30.9) | 662 (31.6) | 540 (31.0) | 354 (32.9) | ||
| HF hospitalisation prior to index admission | 1325 (31.3) | 537 (34.0) | 620 (30.0) | 0.006 | 547 (31.4) | 338 (31.4) | 0.98 |
| HF readmission within landmark period | 805 (19.0) | 389 (24.6) | 336 (16.1) | < 0.001 | 402 (23.0) | 183 (17.0) | 0.0001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| IHD | 3102 (73.3) | 1195 (75.6) | 1564 (74.9) | 0.62 | 1430 (82.0) | 854 (79.3) | 0.08 |
| Hypertension | 3288 (77.7) | 1293 (81.8) | 1631 (78.1) | 0.001 | 1433 (82.1) | 860 (80.0) | 0.14 |
| AF | 1963 (46.4) | 758 (48.0) | 957 (45.8) | 0.19 | 854 (48.9) | 513 (47.6) | 0.50 |
| Diabetes | 1765 (41.7) | 703 (44.5) | 877 (42.0) | 0.14 | 753 (43.2) | 479 (44.5) | 0.49 |
| COPD | 1319 (31.2) | 543 (34.4) | 576 (27.6) | < 0.001 | 470 (26.9) | 226 (21.0) | < 0.0001 |
| CKD | 1496 (35.3) | 637 (40.3) | 673 (32.2) | < 0.001 | 733 (42.0) | 363 (33.7) | < 0.0001 |
| PVD | 760 (18.0) | 305 (19.3) | 357 (17.1) | 0.08 | 351 (20.1) | 187 (17.4) | 0.07 |
| Stroke | 522 (12.3) | 209 (13.2) | 240 (11.5) | 0.12 | 245 (14.0) | 117 (10.9) | 0.01 |
| Depression | 339 (8.0) | 123 (7.8) | 142 (6.8) | 0.26 | 130 (7.5) | 60 (5.6) | 0.05 |
| Dementia | 190 (4.5) | 62 (3.9) | 91 (4.4) | 0.51 | 72 (4.1) | 22 (2.0) | 0.002 |
| CCI score categories | |||||||
| 0 | 941 (22.2) | 280 (17.7) | 523 (25.1) | < 0.001 | 366 (21.0) | 272 (25.3) | 0.002 |
| 1–2 | 1423 (33.6) | 542 (34.3) | 693 (33.2) | 571 (32.7) | 350 (32.5) | ||
| 3–4 | 919 (21.7) | 357 (22.6) | 441 (21.1) | 370 (21.2) | 244 (22.7) | ||
| > 4 | 951 (22.5) | 401 (25.4) | 431 (20.6) | 438 (25.1) | 211 (19.5) | ||
| Other drugs in landmark period | |||||||
| RASI | 3668 (86.6) | NA | NA | NA | 1575 (90.3) | 997 (92.6) | 0.03 |
| β-blockers | 2822 (66.7) | 1078 (68.2) | 1494 (71.6) | 0.03 | NA | NA | NA |
| MRA | 1350 (31.9) | 570 (36.1) | 666 (31.9) | 0.06 | 564 (32.3) | 412 (38.3) | 0.001 |
| Digoxin | 1102 (26.0) | 421 (26.7) | 554 (26.5) | 0.94 | 442 (25.3) | 316 (29.3) | 0.02 |
| Loop diuretics | 3595 (84.9) | 1402 (88.7) | 1800 (86.2) | 0.03 | 1494 (85.6) | 930 (86.4) | 0.58 |
| Warfarin | 1245 (29.4) | 479 (30.3) | 635 (30.4) | 0.95 | 534 (30.6) | 376 (34.9) | 0.02 |
| Anti-arrhythmic | 532 (12.6) | 232 (14.7) | 257 (12.3) | 0.04 | 249 (14.3) | 130 (12.1) | 0.10 |
| Statins | 2813 (66.4) | 1059 (67.0) | 1475 (70.8) | 0.01 | 1303 (74.7) | 818 (76.0) | 0.44 |
| CCB | 911 (21.5) | 321 (20.3) | 463 (22.2) | 0.17 | 395 (22.6) | 177 (16.4) | < 0.001 |
| Crude 1-year outcome post landmark date | |||||||
| All-cause death | 581 (13.7) | 258 (16.3) | 241 (11.5) | < 0.001 | 253 (14.5) | 101 (9.4) | 0.001 |
| HF readmission | 518 (12.2) | 238 (15.1) | 234 (11.2) | < 0.001 | 253 (14.5) | 109 (10.1) | 0.001 |
| All-cause death/HF readmission | 968 (22.9) | 422 (26.7) | 432 (20.7) | < 0.001 | 442 (25.3) | 188 (17.5) | 0.001 |
| Crude 3-year outcome post landmark date | |||||||
| All-cause death | 1466 (34.6) | 612 (38.7) | 637 (30.5) | < 0.001 | 609 (34.9) | 295 (27.4) | 0.002 |
| HF readmission | 1028 (24.3) | 439 (27.8) | 487 (23.3) | < 0.001 | 455 (26.1) | 255 (23.7) | 0.11 |
| All-cause death/HF readmission | 2011 (47.5) | 831 (52.6) | 911 (43.6) | < 0.001 | 847 (48.5) | 448 (41.6) | 0.003 |
SD standard deviation, PDC proportion of days covered, HF heart failure, ARIA + Accessibility and Remoteness Index of Australia Plus classification, SEIFA Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas, IHD ischemic heart disease, AF atrial fibrillation, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, PVD peripheral vascular disease CCI Charlson comorbidity index, RASI renin-angiotensin system inhibitor, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, CCB calcium channel blocker, NA not applicable