Table 1.

Extracting data from the review’s final studies

Author name and study year and country	Study type	Study aims	Effectiveness of FCCC (outcome)
Ramírez et al. (2017) Colombiana[34]	RCT	To assess family burden and functioning, patients’ expressed emotions	No difference in results between the TI and the MI
Weinstock et al. (2006) Rhode Island[35]	RCT	To determine whether families of patients with MDD and BPAD differ in their functioning during acute and recovered episodes	Families in both diagnosis groups generally recover from acute episodes, their post-recovery scores remain poor to fair
Fisher et al. (2018) Sydney[36]	Ph.D. thesis using mixed methods	Developing and evaluating the first DA to treat patients with BPII	Family involvement is essential to consultative practices
Kidd et al. (2016) Canada[50]	Mixed methods study	To examine the changes in the outcomes of people with schizophrenia according to self-assessment and caregiver assessment	Improvements in caregivers’ perceptions of community functioning
Cohen et al. (2009) USA[51]	Qualitative study	To engage families in the care of their loved ones and to educate them about schizophrenia and its treatment	Families did not take up the family intervention as a result of barriers from stakeholders
Kumar et al. (2019) India[37]	Quasi- experimental	Comparison of the effectiveness of a family-assisted home-based cognitive rehabilitation program with a hospital-based cognitive remediation program	Cognitive rehabilitation by carers at home may beneficial
Barrowclough et al. (2001) England[14]	RCT	To determine if the program of interventions influenced illness and substance use effects in addition to routine care	Patients’ general functioning improved significantly with an intensive treatment program combining routine treatment with family intervention
Kopelawicz et al. (2003) Los Angles[15]	RCT	Evaluating the efficacy of culturally-adapted educational interventions, involving patients and their families separately, in combination with antipsychotic medications	Psychopathology, relapse, re-hospitalization, and social functioning were among key domains of psycho-skills management to produce favorable outcomes
Alibeigi et al. (2018) Iran[38]	RCT	To determine whether family-based intervention effects expressed emotion, family coping styles, and severity of bipolar symptoms	Patient symptoms were improved by family-based interventions
Tantirangsee et al. (2015) Thailand[39]	RCT	To determine how a short-term intervention for substance use affects family relationships and smoking in patients with schizophrenia and other related disorders	In comparison to the BI alone group, participants in the BI-FS intervention had better family relationship functioning
Giro’n et al. (2010) Spain[16]	RCT	To evaluate the effectiveness and efficacy of a family psychosocial intervention after adjusting for variables including prognosis, compliance, and family burden	The intervention reduced relapses, serious incidents, symptomatic episodes, and hospitalizations, enhanced social functioning, and relieved family burdens in comparison with standard treatment
Giro’n et al. (2015) Spain[40]	RCT	The efficacy of family-based psychosocial interventions in schizophrenia	Family intervention has been associated with a reduction in guilt induced by relatives, and dominance and increased empathy
Mueser et al. (2009) the United States[41]	RCT	To comparing a comprehensive, behaviorally-based FIDD to a short-term FPE	It seems that motivating family members to participate in family interventions, and addressing the disruption of drug use in families can significantly improve family engagement and retention
Tas et al. (2012) Turkey[17]	RCT	To investigate the impact of family involvement on social cognition training in patients with schizophrenia who are clinically stable	FSCIT significantly enhanced QOL, social functioning, and social cognition, but SS significantly weakened all outcome variables. SCIT with family assistance can improve social cognition, QOL, and social functioning
Farooq et al. (2011) Pakistan[18]	RCT	Evaluating the effectiveness of a treatment method that involves family members STOPS the improvement of treatment adherence and outcome	A STOPS program may enhance adherence to schizophrenia treatment in LAMI regions
Glick et al. (2011) America[43]	RCT	To examine the relationship between treatment outcomes and two family factors: family involvement and support for treatment adherence	QOL items on family contact as well as medication adherence indicated that patient improvement correlated with the involvement of the family in medication adherence
Leff et al. (2001) London[19]	RCT	To determine whether community psychiatric nurses trained in family work can alter	Insufficient medication compliance and a small sample size made it impossible to
		emotional climate among families caring for people with schizophrenia, and how much it costs	detect a significant impact on relapse rates. Inpatient care was significantly cheaper than the CPNs’ input to families
Montero et al. (2001) Spain[44]	RCT	To compare the different outcomes of two different approaches for psychoeducational treatment in families of individuals with schizophrenia	There was no significant difference between the two strategies in terms of relapse rate and hospital stay. Both interventions improved social adjustment, however, BFT impacted more items, such as use of leisure time, self-care, interpersonal friction, household participation, and interest in obtaining a job
Miklowitz et al. (2007)[45]	RCT	To evaluate the impact of pharmacological and psychosocial treatment in patients with bipolar disorder 9 months after a depressive episode	Over the course of 9 months, patients receiving intensive psychotherapy had higher total functioning, relationship functionality, and overall life satisfaction than collaborative care patients
Miklowitz et al. (2007) NA[46]	RCT	To assess the effects of four disorder-specific psychotherapies combined with pharmacotherapy for time to recovery and the likelihood of remaining well following a bipolar episode	Intensive psychotherapy in addition to pharmacotherapy was more effective than brief treatment in stabilizing bipolar depression
Kaselionyte et al. (2019) London[47]	Mixed metods study	To assess feasibility in four inpatient units in East London and explore participants’ experiences	Over half (53) of the patients were able to receive the intervention within one week of admission
Berzins et al. (2018) UK[20]	Qualitative study	To investigate family and service users’ perceptions about raising safety concerns, and service users, carer, and health-care professionals’ views about involving in safety interventions	Health professionals and most service users and caregivers saw potential involvement in interventions that improve safety, to sure their experiences were considered
Olasoji et al. (2017) Australia[21]	Qualitative study	To investigate carers’ experiences at a major mental health service in providing supportive care	Working collaboratively with informal carers to support relatives with severe mental illness and recognizing their value is important
Giacco et al. (2017) London, United Kingdom[48]	Qualitative study	to evaluate patients’, carers’, and clinicians’ perspectives on improving family involvement in inpatient settings	Several participants argued that the early involvement of family members in inpatient treatment should be considered to help patients manage a very acute clinical presentation and their ability to make decisions
Asher et al. (2018) Ethiopia[22]	Mixed methods study	To assess the acceptability, feasibility and productivity of RISE CBR intervention	Increased family support, improved healthcare access, income growth, and an increase in self-esteem may all be positive effects of the RISE CBR intervention
Zeighami et al. (2019) Iran[23]	RCT	To assess the impact of group family psychological training on the severity and relapse of depression in patients with major depression	The intervention was effective in reducing symptoms and preventing relapses
Krgar-Barzi et al. (2019) Iran[49]	Quasi- experimental	To evaluate the impact of Bowen’s family therapy on family development and maladaptive emotional patterns among major depressive disorder patients	The intervention is helpful in enhancing the developmental functioning of family and reducing maladaptive emotions in women with major depression
Cheng et al. (2018) China[24]	RCT	To assess the impact of family-centered maternal care nursing on puerperal depression among mothers in the puerperal stage and to alleviate natural delivery women’s burden and reduce postpartum depression in delivery women	FCMC showed less depression than the control group, proving that FCMC was more effective than conventional maternity nursing in improving puerperal depression

RCT: Randomized-controlled trial, NA: Not available, MI: Multimodal intervention, TI: Traditional intervention, MDD: Major depressive disorder, BPAD: Bipolar affective disorder, DA: Decision aid, BPII: Bipolar II, FIDD: Family intervention for dual disorders program, FPE: Family psychoeducational program, SS: Social stimulation, STOPS: Supervised treatment in outpatients, FSCIT: Family-assisted social cognitive training, for schizophrenia, LAMI: Low- and middle-income, QOL: Quality of life, BFT: Behavioral family therapy, RISE: Rehabilitation intervention for people with schizophrenia in Ethiopia, CBR: Community-based rehabilitation, FCMC: Family-centered maternity care, SCIT: Social cognition and interaction training, BI: Brief Intervention, BI-FS: BI with family support