Table 1.

Summary of the included studies—author name, study type, visualization, application, and nature.

Study	Type	Visualization	Application	Nature
Pransky [16]	VRa	Orthodoc + preplanning workstation + 3D image + CTb	Preoperative simulation and training	Concept study
Sato et al [17]	VR	CAFc system + pelvis and femur system + 3D model + CT	Preoperative simulation Intraoperative application	Clinical trial
Digioia et al [18]	VR	HipNav + 3D software + CT	Preoperative simulation Intraoperative application	Clinical trial
Takada et al [19]	VR	HipAlign and manual goniometer + x-rays or fluoroscopy	Preoperative simulation Intraoperative application	RCTd
Ruikar [20]	VR	2D game	Preoperative simulation and training	N/Ae
Barrack et al [21]	VR	MicroScribeTm 3DX digitizer + LightWave 3DTm software	Preoperative simulation and training	Concept study
Krushell et al [22]	VR	3D protractor + Sawbones pelvis + modular THAf system	Preoperative simulation and training	Concept study
Kummer et al [23]	VR	Femoral components + Sawbones hemipelvis + goniometer	Preoperative simulation and training	Clinical trial
Scifert et al [24]	VR	Blueprints; CADg models + Duraloc	Preoperative simulation and training	Concept study
Cimerman et al [25]	VR	SQh Pelvis software + CT in DICOM	Preoperative simulation and training	Case series
Brouwers et al [26]	VR	3D printing + VR headset + hemipelvis	Preoperative simulation and training	Clinical trial
Tonetti et al [27]	VR	CT images + an ultrasound registration + specimen pelvis	Preoperative simulation and training	Clinical trial
Blyth et al [28]	VR	Bonedoc DHSi simulator	Preoperative simulation and training	RCT
Tasi et al [29]	VR	Volume-based orthopedic surgery simulator	Preoperative simulation and training	Clinical trial
Rambani et al [30]	VR	CAOSj + computer-screen and x-ray images	Preoperative simulation and training	Clinical trial
Racy et al [31]	VR	3D virtual environment + haptic + printed drill handle + VR headset	Preoperative simulation and training	Clinical trial
Handels et al [32]	VR	VR + 3D medical objects + CT or MRk	Preoperative simulation and training	Clinical trial
Khanduja et al [33]	VR	VR simulator	Preoperative simulation and training	RCT
Bishop et al [34]	VR	Hip arthroscopy virtual simulator using ASSETl	Preoperative simulation and training	RCT
Bartlett et al [35]	VR	Hip arthroscopy simulator	Preoperative simulation and training	RCT
Fascio et al [36]	VR	VRRSm: wearable sensors	Postoperative rehabilitation	RCT
Zavala-González et al [37]	VR	Nintendo Wii game	Postoperative rehabilitation	RCT
Alexander et al [38]	ARn	AR environment + RGBDo camera	Preoperative simulation and training	RCT
Ogawa et al [39]	AR	A goniometer and AR-HIPp system	Intraoperative applications	RCT
Fotouhi et al [40]	AR	Two C-arm x-ray images + 3D AR visualization + real-time RGBD data overlay	Preoperative simulation and training	Clinical trial
Logishetty et al [41]	AR	AR headsets with MicronTracker and HoloLens hardware	Preoperative simulation and training	RCT
Liu et al [42]	AR	AR-based navigation system + depth sensing + HoloLens	Preoperative simulation and training	Concept study
Befrui et al [43]	AR	C-arm + RGBD camera	Preoperative simulation and training	Clinical trial
Wang et al [44]	AR	AR-based navigation system	Intraoperative applications	Pilot study
Chen et al [45]	AR	AR-SNSq + HMDr	Preoperative simulation and training	Concept study
Fornaro et al [46]	AR	Patient-specific bone model from preoperative CT scans + visuo-haptic feedback	Preoperative simulation and training	Clinical trial
Shen et al [47]	AR	AR-aided implant design and contouring system	Preoperative simulation and training	Clinical trial
van Duren et al [48]	AR	A digital fluoroscopic imaging simulator using orthogonal cameras	Preoperative simulation and training	Concept study
García-Sevilla et al [49]	AR	PSIss system using a smartphone and the HoloLens 2	Preoperative simulation and training	Clinical trial
Postl et al [50]	AR	Navigation system and K-wires as guidance for the oscillating saw	Preoperative simulation and training	Cadaver study

^aVR: virtual reality.

^bCT: computed tomography.

^cCAF: combined acetabular and femur.

^dRCT: randomized controlled trial.

^eN/A: not applicable.

^fTHA: total hip arthroplasty.

^gCAD: computer-aided design.

^hSQ: standard quality.

ⁱDHS: dynamic hip screw.

^jCAOS: computer-assisted orthopedic training system.

^kMR: magnetic resonance.

^lASSET: arthroscopic surgery skill evaluation tool.

^mVRRS: virtual reality rehabilitation system.

ⁿAR: augmented reality.

^oRGBD: red-green-blue-depth.

^pAR-HIP: augmented reality hip.

^qSNS: surgical navigation system.

^rHMD: head-mounted display.

^sPSI: patient-specific instrument.