Table 3.

Studies assessing the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) simulators for hip arthroscopy.

Study	Simulation task	Participants	Outcomes assessed	Results and conclusions
Khanduja et al [33]	Hip arthroscopy: basic navigation and probe examination	10 novice surgeons (<250 independent arthroscopies) and 9 experienced surgeons (≥250 independent arthroscopies)	Time required to complete the task, number of soft-tissue collisions, number of skeletal collisions, camera-tissue contact time, distance achievable by the arthroscope, and femoral head scratch length	Significant differences in the average time required for basic visualization tasks, number of soft-tissue collisions, number of bone collisions, and camera-tissue contact time. No significant between-group differences in any of the measurements during the basic probe examination.
Bishop et al [34]	To complete a diagnostic arthroscopy and a loose body retrieval simulation	12 novices (medical students, PGYa1-2), 5 intermediate trainees (PGY3-4), 9 senior trainees (PGY5 and fellows), and 4 attending faculty	Higher ASSETb scores, number of loose bodies retrieved, operation time, camera path and grasper path lengths, and the percentage of cartilage injury	VirtaMed Hip arthroscopy simulator has good structural validity and reliability in simulator-based indicators and ASSET scores. The performance of hip arthroscopic simulation could be more comprehensively evaluated using simulator indexes and ASSET than using either type of index alone.
Bartlett et al [35]	To test the face validity of the hip diagnostics module	7 faculty members and 18 orthopedic residents	Face validity questionnaire answers	The VR hip arthroscopy simulator has fidelity to establish its facial effectiveness. The simulator has enough authenticity to inculcate basic arthroscopic skills, which supports its use in orthopedic surgery training.

^aPGY: postgraduate year.

^bASSET: arthroscopic surgery skill evaluation tool.