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. 2023 Mar 25;6:323. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-04693-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Effects of 25 μM Bay117082 on sperm ATP level. Values represent mean ± SEM (n = 10), *p < 0.05, as compared with the control (0 μM). b Principal component (PCA) analysis of untargeted metabolomics data obtained from Bay117082-treated sperm and control sperm. Each dot on plot represents an individual sample (n = 20). Green dots represented the control group (C); purple dots represent the Bay117082-treated group (T); blue dots represent the quality control samples. c Heatmap of significantly different metabolites in the control (C) and Bay117082-treated (T) group. The variable importance in the projection (VIP) value of each variable in the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model was calculated. Significance was determined using paired Student’s t test. VIP > 1 and p < 0.05 were applied to identify statistically significant differential metabolites. The x-axis represents comparative changes in each sperm sample before (C1–C20) and after (T1–T20) Bay117082 treatment. Significantly different metabolites were labeled on the y-axis. d–g Bay117082-induced changes in oleic acid (d), adrenic acid (e), stearic acid (f), and palmitic acid (g) in sperm. Values represent mean ± SEM (n = 20), *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, as compared with the control (0 μM). h Metabolite Set Enrichment Analysis based on the Small Molecule Pathway Database. The top 25 of enriched pathways are shown.