Table 1.
Comparison of sociodemographic characteristics, country, health coverage, rheumatic diagnosis, pain, disability and comorbidities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups
| Indigenous n=13 269 (29.78) |
Non-Indigenous n=31 291 (70.22) |
Total n=44 560 (100.00) |
P value | |
| Gender (female) | 8010 (60.37) | 19 135 (61.15) | 27 145 (60.92) | 0.123 |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 42.23 (18.17) | 43.69 (17.94) | 43.25 (18.02) | <0.001 |
| Urban setting | 3877 (29.22) | 24 331 (77.76) | 28 208 (63.30) | <0.001 |
| Educational level, mean number of years (SD) | 7.13 (5.07) | 8.46 (4.95) | 8.06 (5.02) | <0.001 |
| Countries | ||||
| Argentina | 2295 (17.30) | 0 (0.00) | 2295 (5.15) | <0.001 |
| Colombia | 234 (1.76) | 6454 (20.63) | 6688 (15.01) | <0.001 |
| Ecuador | 2682 (20.21) | 4858 (15.53) | 7540 (16.92) | <0.001 |
| Mexico | 6525 (49.17) | 16 085 (51.40) | 22 610 (50.74) | <0.001 |
| Venezuela | 1533 (11.55) | 3894 (12.44) | 5427 (12.18) | <0.01 |
| Health coverage* | ||||
| Full | 3481 (26.23) | 4493 (14.36) | 7974 (17.89) | <0.001 |
| Partial | 7441 (56.08) | 18 314 (58.53) | 25 755 (57.80) | <0.001 |
| Private | 795 (5.99) | 1741 (5.56) | 2536 (5.69) | 0.079 |
| Other† | 330 (2.49) | 221 (0.71) | 551 (1.24) | <0.001 |
| Joint biomechanical stress‡ | ||||
| High | 5000 (37.68) | 10 199 (32.59) | 15 199 (34.11) | <0.001 |
| Medium | 1538 (11.59) | 4720 (15.08) | 6258 (14.04) | <0.001 |
| Low | 4014 (30.25) | 9213 (29.44) | 13 227 (29.68) | 0.090 |
| Unspecified | 1815 (13.68) | 2784 (8.90) | 4599 (10.32) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatic disease | ||||
| Total | 4012 (30.24) | 9516 (30.41) | 13 528 (30.36) | 0.721 |
| Osteoarthritis | 1433 (10.80) | 2257 (7.21) | 3690 (8.28) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 278 (2.10) | 599 (1.91) | 877 (1.97) | 0.223 |
| Back pain | 1548 (11.67) | 1281 (4.09) | 2829 (6.35) | <0.001 |
| RRPS | 505 (3.81) | 5595 (17.88) | 6100 (13.69) | <0.001 |
| Musculoskeletal disorders | 521 (3.93) | 664 (2.12) | 1185 (2.66) | <0.001 |
| Fibromyalgia | 181 (1.36) | 212 (0.68) | 393 (0.88) | <0.001 |
| Other§ | 45 (0.34) | 118 (0.38) | 163 (0.37) | 0.602 |
| Pain | ||||
| Historical pain | 5408 (40.76) | 11 780 (37.65) | 17 188 (38.57) | <0.001 |
| Non-traumatic pain (7 days) | 2258 (17.02) | 8024 (25.64) | 10 282 (23.07) | <0.001 |
| Physical disability (HAQ-DI) | ||||
| HAQ-DI≥0.8 | 761 (5.74) | 2558 (8.17) | 3319 (7.45) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 814 (6.13) | 2279 (7.28) | 3093 (6.94) | <0.001 |
| High blood pressure | 1649 (12.43) | 5613 (17.94) | 7262 (16.30) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 415 (3.13) | 1106 (3.53) | 1521 (3.41) | 0.033 |
| Smoking | 1138 (8.58) | 4996 (15.97) | 6134 (13.77) | <0.001 |
| Alcoholism | 1751 (13.20) | 1068 (3.41) | 2819 (6.33) | <0.001 |
| Anxiety/Depression | 2304 (17.36) | 3727 (11.91) | 6031 (13.53) | <0.001 |
| No comorbidities | 6391 (48.16) | 14 450 (46.18) | 20 841 (46.77) | <0.001 |
*Missing data: 1222 (9.21%) Indigenous and 6522 (20.84%) non-Indigenous, total 7744 (17.38%).
†Other: traditional healthcare.
‡Missing data: 902 (7.01%) Indigenous and 4375 (13.80%) non-Indigenous.
§Others: Indigenous: 29 ankylosing spondylitis, 9 gout, 4 scleroderma and 3 psoriasis. Non-Indigenous: 39 ankylosing spondylitis, 74 gout, 1 scleroderma and 4 psoriasis.
HAQ-DI, Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index; RRPS, rheumatic regional pain syndromes.