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. 2023 Mar 25;23:70. doi: 10.1186/s12874-023-01876-x

Table 3.

Performance indicators using grouped data according to sample size and length of follow-up in years

Scenario N FUP AB SD CVR
α π λ γ β δ α π λ γ β δ α π λ γ β δ
BREASTa 10,000 5 0.094 −0.034 0.003 0.013 − 0.246 − 0.046 0.298 0.170 0.033 0.083 3.728 0.379 92% 84% 90% 92% 92% 92%
10 0.009 −0.004 0.000 0.003 0.006 −0.012 0.144 0.048 0.013 0.052 0.229 0.179 94% 93% 95% 96% 94% 94%
15 0.000 −0.003 0.000 0.002 −0.007 − 0.003 0.090 0.036 0.010 0.045 0.174 0.139 93% 94% 96% 96% 94% 94%
5000 5 0.158 −0.049 0.007 0.024 −0.500 − 0.057 0.407 0.218 0.042 0.115 5.504 0.518 91% 78% 84% 90% 90% 90%
10 0.022 −0.009 0.001 0.007 0.012 −0.029 0.207 0.079 0.020 0.074 0.408 0.258 92% 91% 94% 96% 93% 93%
15 −0.003 −0.006 0.000 0.006 −0.013 −0.009 0.127 0.054 0.015 0.064 0.250 0.196 91% 90% 92% 95% 93% 92%
2000 5 0.280 −0.056 0.017 0.067 −0.117 − 0.121 0.579 0.265 0.061 0.179 7.413 0.732 86% 69% 80% 91% 88% 86%
10 0.053 −0.025 0.002 0.024 −0.132 − 0.112 0.320 0.146 0.031 0.122 3.012 0.436 89% 87% 93% 94% 89% 90%
15 0.007 −0.020 −0.001 0.014 0.006 −0.038 0.193 0.096 0.024 0.106 0.470 0.308 91% 89% 92% 95% 91% 93%
1000 5 0.325 −0.063 0.048 0.109 0.188 −0.041 0.874 0.287 0.494 0.250 9.474 0.990 81% 65% 80% 93% 86% 84%
10 0.079 −0.048 0.003 0.042 −0.254 − 0.080 0.421 0.193 0.043 0.172 3.952 0.579 88% 82% 90% 94% 89% 90%
15 0.003 −0.036 −0.001 0.028 −0.049 − 0.027 0.255 0.133 0.032 0.146 1.934 0.451 91% 87% 90% 95% 91% 89%
500 5 0.308 −0.066 0.050 0.243 1.870 −0.089 1.208 0.316 0.202 0.469 15.490 1.307 76% 58% 79% 90% 88% 82%
10 0.136 −0.059 0.011 0.104 0.195 −0.195 0.558 0.240 0.093 0.271 9.083 0.847 86% 74% 85% 92% 88% 85%
15 0.036 −0.049 0.001 0.080 −0.108 − 0.128 0.347 0.193 0.049 0.236 6.109 0.667 89% 79% 86% 92% 89% 87%
LUNGb 10,000 5 −0.169 0.002 −0.008 0.000 −0.010 0.003 1.595 0.012 0.017 0.021 0.138 0.030 95% 95% 92% 96% 96% 94%
10 −0.016 0.002 −0.009 −0.001 0.002 0.003 0.386 0.005 0.014 0.016 0.074 0.024 95% 92% 90% 94% 95% 95%
15 −0.006 0.002 −0.009 −0.001 0.003 0.003 0.206 0.004 0.014 0.015 0.065 0.023 96% 92% 89% 95% 95% 95%
5000 5 −0.130 0.002 −0.008 0.001 −0.004 −0.001 2.341 0.017 0.023 0.029 0.202 0.043 94% 94% 93% 95% 93% 95%
10 −0.028 0.002 − 0.009 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.555 0.008 0.020 0.022 0.110 0.034 95% 93% 92% 95% 94% 94%
15 0.013 0.003 −0.009 0.001 0.009 0.001 0.305 0.007 0.019 0.021 0.096 0.032 94% 93% 92% 95% 94% 95%
2000 5 −0.079 0.002 −0.007 0.005 −0.006 −0.004 3.792 0.027 0.036 0.050 0.399 0.070 94% 92% 95% 95% 94% 95%
10 0.039 0.003 −0.008 0.003 0.006 0.004 0.927 0.013 0.031 0.037 0.170 0.053 94% 95% 93% 94% 95% 95%
15 0.009 0.002 −0.009 0.001 0.003 0.005 0.502 0.011 0.031 0.035 0.148 0.051 93% 94% 93% 95% 95% 95%
1000 5 0.419 0.005 −0.003 0.012 −0.027 − 0.008 5.265 0.038 0.054 0.070 1.379 0.104 92% 92% 95% 96% 93% 95%
10 0.072 0.003 −0.007 0.009 0.003 0.003 1.246 0.018 0.044 0.053 0.242 0.075 96% 94% 93% 94% 97% 95%
15 0.006 0.002 −0.008 0.005 −0.002 0.004 0.705 0.015 0.043 0.049 0.212 0.072 93% 93% 94% 95% 96% 95%
500 5 1.986 0.012 0.004 0.025 0.045 −0.031 7.705 0.056 0.080 0.108 4.088 0.166 90% 89% 95% 94% 90% 93%
10 0.462 0.006 −0.005 0.019 0.050 −0.011 1.777 0.025 0.063 0.073 0.352 0.112 98% 95% 95% 95% 95% 94%
15 0.116 0.003 −0.009 0.012 0.019 −0.007 1.003 0.021 0.062 0.068 0.306 0.106 93% 96% 95% 95% 95% 94%

Absolute Bias (AB) = Mean (estimates - true value); Standard Deviation (SD) = standard deviation over the set of 1000 estimates; Coverage (CVR) = the proportion of the time that the estimated 95% confidence intervals contained the true value. Estimated over 1000 simulation runs each composed by different sample size and follow-up lenght in years (FUP)

aTrue values: π60 = 0.7, λ =0.1, γ =1.1, β = − 0.15 and δ =0

bTrue values: π60 = 0.1, λ =0.9, γ =0.8, β = − 0.75 and δ = − 0.3