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Microbial influences on the social brain. The gut microbiome exerts a range of effects on the development and function of the social brain. These include hippocampal neurogenesis, volumetric and morphological alterations in the amygdala and hippocampus, prefrontal myelination, and hypothalamic oxytocin expression, as well as the development of both the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; miRNA, microRNA.
