Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants in six clusters
| Cluster 1 (n = 13,258, 23.8%) | Cluster 2 (n = 10,836, 19.4%) | Cluster 3 (n = 8664, 15.5%) | Cluster 4 (n = 7246, 13.0%) | Cluster 5 (n = 4310, 7.7%) | Cluster 6 (n = 11,463, 20.6%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 8923 (67.3%) | 7825 (72.2%) | 5399 (62.3%) | 5279 (72.9%) | 2094 (48.6%) | 7495 (65.4%) |
| Age (y) | 56.08 ± 8.35 | 56.59 ± 8.45 | 54.42 ± 8.78 | 56.12 ± 8.56 | 54.75 ± 7.90 | 58.19 ± 8.23 |
| High school or higher education | 5032 (38.0%) | 3611 (33.3%) | 2731 (31.5%) | 2722 (37.6%) | 1531 (35.5%) | 3987 (34.8%) |
| Married | 12,096 (91.2%) | 9812 (90.6%) | 8036 (92.8%) | 6616 (91.3%) | 4004 (92.9%) | 10,407 (90.8%) |
| Current smoking | 2200 (16.6%) | 1511 (13.9%) | 1256 (14.5%) | 760 (10.5%) | 1033 (24.0%) | 1525 (13.3%) |
| Current drinking | 1046 (7.9%) | 1244 (11.5%) | 1161 (13.4%) | 441 (6.1%) | 869 (20.2%) | 1155 (10.1%) |
| Moderate and vigorous physical activity | 2156 (16.3%) | 1546 (14.3%) | 1118 (12.9%) | 981 (13.5%) | 540 (12.5%) | 1820 (15.9%) |
| Current drinking tea | 3350 (25.3%) | 2313 (21.3%) | 1894 (21.9%) | 1755 (24.2%) | 1291 (30.0%) | 2957 (25.8%) |
| Healthy diet | 5904 (44.5%) | 4192 (38.7%) | 3437 (39.7%) | 3136 (43.3%) | 1787 (41.5%) | 5255 (45.8%) |
| Nighttime sleep duration (h) | 7.75 ± 1.25 | 7.95 ± 1.38 | 8.00 ± 1.32 | 7.75 ± 1.26 | 7.85 ± 1.28 | 7.77 ± 1.26 |
| Family history of diabetes | 1426 (10.8%) | 976 (9.0%) | 768 (8.9%) | 942 (13.0%) | 515 (11.9%) | 1416 (12.4%) |
| Taking antihypertensive medicine | 1057 (8.0%) | 529 (4.9%) | 640 (7.4%) | 970 (13.4%) | 461 (10.7%) | 1465 (12.8%) |
| Taking lipid-lowering medicine | 55 (0.4%) | 34 (0.3%) | 18 (0.2%) | 58 (0.8%) | 38 (0.9%) | 76 (0.7%) |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 0.83 ± 0.06 | 0.87 ± 0.06 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.90 ± 0.06 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.12 ± 2.66 | 21.55 ± 2.36 | 23.88 ± 2.63 | 27.80 ± 3.17 | 25.79 ± 2.95 | 25.22 ± 2.72 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 127.52 ± 19.04 | 128.00 ± 19.98 | 132.35 ± 19.61 | 135.70 ± 19.06 | 134.11 ± 19.10 | 133.28 ± 19.19 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 76.25 ± 10.48 | 75.36 ± 10.83 | 79.15 ± 10.66 | 81.49 ± 10.64 | 81.58 ± 10.83 | 79.29 ± 10.31 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.12 ± 0.37 | 5.51 ± 0.46 | 5.79 ± 0.40 | 5.53 ± 0.49 | 5.67 ± 0.49 | 5.97 ± 0.42 |
| 2 h PG (mmol/L) | 6.09 ± 1.32 | 6.61 ± 1.53 | 7.28 ± 1.56 | 7.52 ± 1.58 | 7.52 ± 1.68 | 8.27 ± 1.44 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.90 ± 0.20 | 5.82 ± 0.25 | 5.34 ± 0.27 | 5.85 ± 0.29 | 5.78 ± 0.31 | 6.01 ± 0.22 |
| HOMA-β | 76.83 (58.25, 98.80) | 46.99 (34.62, 61.88) | 56.87 (42.42, 73.88) | 132.00 (112.03, 162.86) | 78.18 (58.10, 100.00) | 61.85 (47.58, 76.97) |
| HOMA-IR | 1.40 (1.06, 1.77) | 1.13 (0.82, 1.49) | 1.65 (1.23, 2.13) | 3.27 (2.69, 4.02) | 2.08 (1.55, 2.68) | 1.96 (1.52, 2.45) |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.24 ± 0.26 | 1.75 ± 0.31 | 1.34 ± 0.29 | 1.20 ± 0.28 | 1.30 ± 0.30 | 1.22 ± 0.28 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.83 ± 0.84 | 2.96 ± 0.82 | 2.79 ± 0.80 | 3.03 ± 0.87 | 3.05 ± 0.90 | 2.92 ± 0.86 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.74 ± 1.07 | 5.30 ± 0.98 | 4.80 ± 1.01 | 5.13 ± 1.08 | 5.31 ± 1.08 | 4.93 ± 1.11 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.25 (0.92, 1.69) | 0.95 (0.75, 1.24) | 1.22 (0.90, 1.66) | 1.84 (1.35, 2.58) | 1.96 (1.37, 2.88) | 1.49 (1.10, 2.06) |
| ALT (U/L) | 12.10 (9.00, 17.00) | 13.00 (10.00, 17.00) | 14.00 (10.00, 18.00) | 17.65 (13.00, 23.00) | 36.00 (29.00, 45.00) | 14.00 (11.00, 19.00) |
| AST (U/L) | 19.37 ± 5.23 | 22.47 ± 6.08 | 20.52 ± 5.55 | 21.49 ± 6.02 | 35.76 ± 10.52 | 19.81 ± 5.10 |
| GGT (U/L) | 17.00 (13.00, 24.00) | 17.00 (13.00, 24.00) | 19.00 (14.00, 28.00) | 25.00 (19.00, 36.00) | 53.00 (33.00, 88.00) | 20.00 (15.00, 29.00) |
| ACR mg/g | 5.28 (3.44, 8.48) | 5.82 (3.79, 9.50) | 5.47 (3.45, 9.03) | 5.87 (3.63, 10.11) | 5.53 (3.52, 9.43) | 5.66 (3.49, 9.41) |
| eGFR mL/min/1.73 m2 | 97.45 (89.60, 103.60) | 95.91 (88.33, 101.81) | 97.93 (90.04, 104.58) | 94.98 (86.10, 101.96) | 95.71 (87.23, 102.05) | 94.88 (86.46, 101.25) |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD, number (percentage), or median (interquartile range).
ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting glucose; GGT, glutamyl transferase; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-β, homoeostasis model assessment β of cell function; HOMA-IR, homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-c, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; 2 h PG, 2-h post-load plasma glucose.