Table 1.
Background characteristics of 305 mother-offspring pairs in the Healthy Start pre-birth cohort.
| Mean ± SD or % (N) | |
|---|---|
| Maternal and child sociodemographic characteristics | |
|
| |
| Maternal age at delivery, years | 29.4 ± 5.7 |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | |
| Hispanic | 23.3% (71) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 62.0% (189) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 11.8% (36) |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 2.9% (9) |
| Parity (not including index) | |
| 0 | 42.6% (130) |
| 1 to 2 | 52.8% (161) |
| ≥3 | 4.6% (14) |
| Preterm delivery | 6.2% (19) |
| Birth size | |
| Small-for-gestational age | 11.6% (34) |
| Appropriate-for-gestational age | 80.5% (235) |
| Large-for-gestational age | 7.9% (23) |
| Maternal education level | |
| Less than high school | 22.0% (67) |
| Some college/associate degree | 23.3% (71) |
| College graduate | 24.6% (75) |
| Graduate degree | 30.2% (92) |
| Annual household income <$40,000 | 26.1% (68) |
| Child is female | 44.6% (136) |
| Child’s age at the early childhood visit, years | 4.7 ± 0.6 |
|
| |
| Maternal perinatal metabolic characteristics | |
|
| |
| Pre-pregnancy BMIa | |
| BMI <25 kg/m2 | 55.1% (168) |
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 44.9% (137) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 25.7 ± 6.4 |
| Gestational weight gainb | |
| Inadequate | 23.9% (73) |
| Adequate | 29.2% (89) |
| Excessive | 46.9% (143) |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM dx) | 4.9% (14) |
|
| |
| Maternal and infant behaviors | |
|
| |
| Cigarette smoking during pregnancy | 5.3% (16) |
| High diet quality during pregnancy (HEI >57) | 45.3% (136) |
| ≥150 min/week of MVPA during pregnancy | 61.0% (186) |
| Child was breastfed for ≥6 months | 15.8% (38) |
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; HEI: Healthy Eating Index-2010; MVPA: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity
a
Includes 6 women classified as underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2).
b
According to Institute of Medicine 2009 guidelines.