Table 4.
Percentage (% [N]) of participants with high cardiovascular health (CVH) according to Life’s Essential 8 criteria across categories of perinatal characteristics among 305 children aged 4–7 years in the Healthy Start pre-birth cohort.
| N a | % (N) with high CVH | P c | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||
| 305 | 43.9% (134) | ||
| Maternal and child sociodemographic characteristics | |||
|
| |||
| Maternal age at delivery | 0.002 | ||
| 16–24 y | 65 | 24.6% (16) | |
| 25–29 y | 79 | 43.0% (34) | |
| 30–34 y | 101 | 54.5% (55) | |
| ≥35 y | 60 | 48.3% (29) | |
| Maternal education level | 0.003 | ||
| Less than high school | 27 | 33.3% (9) | |
| High school graduate | 40 | 22.5% (9) | |
| Some college/associate degree | 71 | 38.0% (27) | |
| College graduate | 75 | 50.7% (38) | |
| Graduate degree | 92 | 55.4% (51) | |
| Annual household income | 0.08 | ||
| <$40,000 | 68 | 36.8% (25) | |
| ≥$40,000 | 193 | 49.2% (95) | |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | 0.002 | ||
| Hispanic | 71 | 31.0% (22) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 189 | 52.4% (99) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 36 | 27.8% (10) | |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 9 | 33.3% (3) | |
| Parity (not including index) | 0.12 | ||
| 0 | 130 | 41.5% (54) | |
| 1 to 2 | 161 | 47.8% (77) | |
| ≥3 | 14 | 21.4% (3) | |
| Child’s sex | 0.27 | ||
| Female | 136 | 40.4% (55) | |
| Male | 169 | 46.8% (79) | |
| Preterm delivery | 0.76 | ||
| No (≥37 weeks) | 286 | 43.7% (125) | |
| Yes (<37 weeks) | 19 | 47.4% (9) | |
| Birth size | 0.58 | ||
| Small-for-gestational age | 34 | 38.2% (13) | |
| Appropriate-for-gestational age | 235 | 45.1% (106) | |
| Large-for-gestational age | 23 | 52.2% (12) | |
| Child’s age at the time of CVH assessment | 0.04 | ||
| Q1 (median: 4.1 y) | 50 | 35.1% (27) | |
| Q2 (median: 4.5 y) | 45 | 40.8% (31) | |
| Q3 (median: 4.6 y) | 37 | 51.3% (39) | |
| Q4 (median: 5.3 y) | 39 | 48.7% (37) | |
|
| |||
| Maternal prenatal metabolic characteristics | |||
|
| |||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI a | 0.06 | ||
| BMI <25 kg/m2 | 168 | 48.4% (82) | |
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 137 | 38.0% (52) | |
| Gestational weight gain b | 0.28 | ||
| Inadequate | 73 | 49.3% (36) | |
| Adequate | 89 | 47.2% (42) | |
| Excessive | 143 | 39.2% (45) | |
| Gestational diabetes | 0.12 | ||
| No | 271 | 43.2% (117) | |
| Yes | 14 | 64.3% (9) | |
|
| |||
| Maternal and infant behaviors | |||
|
| |||
| Cigarette smoking during pregnancy | 0.29 | ||
| No | 289 | 44.6% (129) | |
| Yes | 16 | 31.3% (5) | |
| Maternal diet quality during pregnancy | 0.0003 | ||
| Low quality (HEI ≤57) | 164 | 34.2% (56) | |
| High quality (HEI >57) | 136 | 55.2% (75) | |
| Maternal MVPA during pregnancy | 0.68 | ||
| <150 min/week | 119 | 45.4% (54) | |
| ≥150 min/week | 186 | 43.0% (80) | |
| Infant feeding practices | 0.09 | ||
| <6 breastmilk months | 202 | 43.1% (87) | |
| ≥6 breastmilk months | 38 | 57.9% (22) | |
Abbreviations: HEI: Healthy Eating Index-2010; MVPA: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity
a
Includes 6 women who are underweight (n = 3 each when stratified by sex).
b
According to Institute of Medicine 2009 guidelines.
c
P-value represents a Wald chi-squared test with the exception of ordinal variables (age, education level, and pre-pregnancy weight status) where the P-value represents a test for linear trend.