Table 2:
Subtype-wise distribution of biomarkers.
| Feature | PP (Subtype 1) N=74 |
AP (Subtype 2) N=85 |
GP (Subtype 3) N=87 |
BP (Subtype 4) N=79 |
P-val |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female (%) | 27.03 | 37.65 | 42.53 | 72.15 | <.0013,5,6 |
| Age (years, mean±SD) | 76.25 (6.87) | 73.11 (5.90) | 68.27 (6.49) | 66.71 (5.77) | <.051,2,3,4,5 |
| Education (years, mean±SD) | 15.70 (2.89) | 16.37 (2.82) | 16.28 (2.50) | 16.30 (2.49) | .14 |
| Family History (%) | 62.16 | 55.29 | 67.81 | 75.94 | <.055 |
| APOE ɛ4 (% of >=1 allele) | 54.05 | 51.77 | 47.13 | 36.71 | .13 |
| The MRI volumetric features (volumes in mm3, mean±SD) | |||||
| Ventricles | 0.03 (0.013) | 0.031 (0.0131) | 0.017 (0.0064) | 0.018 (0.0092) | .44 |
| Hippocampus | 0.004 (7e-04) | 0.004 (6e-04) | 0.005 (5e-04) | 0.005 (4e-04) | <.052,3,4,5 |
| Middle temporal gyrus | 0.012 (0.001) | 0.013 (0.0014) | 0.014 (0.0012) | 0.014 (0.0013) | .14 |
| Entorhinal | 0.002 (5e-04) | 0.002 (4e-04) | 0.003 (4e-04) | 0.003 (3e-04) | <.052,3,4,5 |
| Fusiform | 0.011 (0.0013) | 0.012 (0.0011) | 0.013 (0.0013) | 0.013 (0.0011) | .17 |
| Cognitive tests (scores, mean±SD) | |||||
| ADAS11 | 13.37 (4.52) | 9.55 (2.98) | 8.49 (2.56) | 5.22 (2.25) | <.0011,2,3,5,6 |
| ADAS13 | 21.27 (6.08) | 15.69 (4.88) | 13.60 (3.68) | 8.08 (2.83) | <.0011,2,3,4,5,6 |
| CDRSB | 2.40 (0.94) | 1.18 (0.60) | 1.26 (0.73) | 1.18 (0.65) | <.0011,2,3 |
| FAQ | 7.95 (4.26) | 1.14 (1.28) | 1.54 (2.05) | 0.88 (1.44) | <.0011,2,3 |
| MMSE | 27.17 (1.79) | 27.89 (1.75) | 28.37 (1.46) | 28.94 (1.13) | .1 |
| RAVLT forgetting | 5.01 (2.09) | 5.29 (2.45) | 5.31 (2.47) | 2.82 (2.24) | <.0011,2,3,5,6 |
| RAVLT immediate | 27.82 (6.63) | 34.1 (7.42) | 35.27 (6.34) | 50.98 (7.35) | .9 |
| RAVLT learning | 2.77 (1.96) | 4.54 (2.41) | 4.51 (1.97) | 6.92 (1.92) | <.051,2,3,5,6 |
| RAVLT % forgetting | 76.76 (27.41) | 61.87 (25.98) | 59.15 (26.09) | 22.40 (18.40) | .91 |
| Plasma (pg/mL, mean±SD) | |||||
| Nfl | 47.64 (18.60) | 42.78 (21.63) | 31.50 (11.93) | 26.86 (9.84) | <.052,3,4,5 |
| P-tau181 | 22.60 (16.96) | 22.30 (12.49) | 15.89 (7.82) | 11.41 (5.30) | .4 |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||
| Smoking (%) | 32.43 | 38.82 | 32.18 | 45.57 | .24 |
| Alcoholic (%) | 6.75 | 4.7 | 2.29 | 2.53 | .44 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension (%) | 67.05 | 54.05 | 34.48 | 27.84 | <.0012,3,5 |
| Diabetes (%) | 10.81 | 14.11 | 11.49 | 7.595 | .61 |
| Cholesterol (%) | 51.35 | 61.17 | 47.12 | 44.30 | .14 |
| Depression (%) | 29.73 | 20 | 36.78 | 27.84 | .11 |
| Obesity (%) | 27.02 | 15.29 | 24.13 | 31.64 | <.055 |
| Cardiovascular (%) | 67.56 | 83.52 | 63.21 | 53.16 | <.0014,5 |
| Hearing Problems (%) | 22.97 | 28.23 | 14.94 | 3.79 | <.0013,5 |
| TBI (%) | 5.40 | 5.88 | 4.59 | 2.53 | .75 |
NOTE: The Mean, Standard Deviation (Mean (SD)) for continuous features and percentages for categorical variables were computed in each subtype. MRI volumes presented as a fraction of intracranial volume.
Post hoc Differences between PP and AP1; PP and GP2; PP and BP3; AP and GP4; AP and BP5; GP and BP6.
Abbreviations: N- number of subjects. PP - Poor Prognosis, AP - Average Prognosis, GP - Good Prognosis, BP -Best Prognosis. ADAS - Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale; CDRSB - Clinical Dementia Rating scale Sum of Boxes. FAQ - Functional Assessment Questionnaire. MMSE - Mini-Mental State Examination. RAVLT - Rey’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test.