Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and clinical variables in patients with versus without ABI. Data are presented as median (IQR) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables.
| Variable | Total (n=123) |
Patients without ABI (n=82, 67%) |
Patients with ABI (n=41, 33%) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years | 59 (49-69) | 62 (50-69) | 55 (48-68) | 0.30 |
| Male | 77 (63%) | 54 (66%) | 23 (56%) | 0.29 |
| Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 30 (25-35) | 30 (25-36) | 29 (25-33) | 0.45 |
| Race | 0.74 | |||
| White | 78 (63%) | 54 (66%) | 24 (59%) | |
| Black | 26 (21%) | 15 (18%) | 11 (27%) | |
| Hispanic | 2 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (2%) | |
| Asian | 9 (7%) | 7 (9%) | 2 (5%) | |
| Others | 8 (7%) | 5 (6%) | 3 (7%) | |
| Past medical history | ||||
| Ischemic stroke | 10 (8%) | 6 (7%) | 4 (10%) | 0.64 |
| Intracranial hemorrhage | 2 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (5%) | 0.04 |
| Hypertension | 91 (74%) | 59 (72%) | 32 (78%) | 0.47 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 68 (55%) | 45 (55%) | 23 (56%) | 0.90 |
| Heart failure | 42 (34%) | 29 (35%) | 13 (32%) | 0.69 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 18 (15%) | 11 (13%) | 7 (17%) | 0.59 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 38 (31%) | 26 (32%) | 12 (29%) | 0.78 |
| Antiplatelet therapy before index hospitalization | 64 (52%) | 46 (56%) | 18 (44%) | 0.20 |
| Anticoagulation before index hospitalization | 29 (24%) | 20 (24%) | 9 (22%) | 0.76 |
| Baseline ejection fraction * | 0.97 | |||
| ≤40% | 62 (50%) | 41 (50%) | 21 (51%) | |
| 41-49% | 13 (11%) | 9 (11%) | 4 (10%) | |
| ≥50% | 44 (36%) | 29 (35%) | 15 (37%) | |
| ECMO day 1 variables ** | ||||
| Glasgow Coma Scale | 15 (5-15) | 15 (6-15) | 14 (3-15) | 0.47 |
| Cardiac arrest | 53 (44%) | 32 (40%) | 21 (52%) | 0.19 |
| Inotrope or vasopressor support | 100 (83%) | 69 (86%) | 31 (78%) | 0.23 |
| SOFA score | 11 (10-13) | 12 (10-13) | 11 (10-14) | 0.53 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 6.0 (2.8-10.1) | 5.4 (2.6-10.0) | 7.3 (3.5-13.6) | 0.10 |
| pH | 7.27 (7.19-7.34) | 7.29 (7.20-7.34) | 7.25 (7.17-7.33) | 0.27 |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 99 (95-100) | 99 (95-100) | 99 (94-100) | 0.44 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 40 (34-46) | 40 (34-46) | 42 (34-50) | 0.29 |
| HCO3− (mEq/L) | 19.0 (15.5-22.0) | 19.0 (15.0-22.0) | 19.0 (16.0-22.0) | 0.91 |
| On-ECMO blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| Systolic BP | 94 (82-104) | 96 (86-108) | 92 (80-100) | 0.04 |
| Diastolic BP | 66 (54-74) | 64 (52-74) | 66 (59-74) | 0.36 |
| Mean arterial pressure | 74 (67-83) | 74 (66-85) | 74 (67-82) | 0.85 |
| Pulse pressure | 27 (10-44) | 32 (10-46) | 20 (8-29) | 0.04 |
| Low pulse pressure (<20 mmHg) | 58 (47%) | 33 (40%) | 25 (61%) | 0.03 |
| Systolic BPV, SD method | 12.0 (9.6-18.7) | 11.9 (9.0-16.6) | 12.0 (10.2-20.3) | 0.34 |
| Diastolic BPV, SD method | 8.5 (6.0-12.0) | 8.1 (5.6-11.5) | 9.7 (7.4-12.3) | 0.05 |
| Systolic BPV, CV method | 57.4 (29.8-104.5) | 48.5 (26.8-94.7) | 76.2 (40.5-141.8) | 0.02 |
| Diastolic BPV, CV method | 32.7 (16.8-96.0) | 30.4 (15.1-88.4) | 61.3 (24.6-108.2) | 0.03 |
| ECMO indications | ||||
| Cardiogenic shock | 72 (59%) | 49 (60%) | 23 (56%) | 0.70 |
| Post-cardiotomy shock | 51 (41%) | 32 (39%) | 19 (46%) | 0.44 |
| ECPR | 23 (19%) | 13 (16%) | 10 (24%) | 0.25 |
| Left ventricular venting strategy | 0.33 | |||
| None | 69 (56%) | 42 (51%) | 27 (66%) | |
| IABP | 35 (28%) | 24 (29%) | 11 (27%) | |
| Impella | 10 (8%) | 9 (11%) | 1 (2%) | |
| Right superior pulmonary vein | 7 (6%) | 5 (6%) | 2 (5%) | |
| Left ventricle apex | 2 (2%) | 2 (2%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Intracardiac thrombus | 5 (4%) | 3 (4%) | 2 (5%) | 0.75 |
| Cannulation strategy | 0.06 | |||
| Central | 57 (46%) | 43 (52%) | 14 (34%) | |
| Peripheral | 66 (54%) | 39 (48%) | 27 (66%) | |
| Discharge location | 0.72 | |||
| Home | 15 (12%) | 12 (15%) | 3 (7%) | |
| Acute rehabilitation | 10 (8%) | 7 (9%) | 3 (7%) | |
| Long-term facility | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Skilled nursing facility | 6 (5%) | 4 (5%) | 2 (5%) | |
| ECMO duration (hours) | 94.8 (58.3-196.3) | 110.8 (59.2-209.7) | 93.9 (58.3-150.9) | 0.58 |
| Mortality | 91 (74%) | 58 (71%) | 33 (80%) | 0.24 |
| Good neurologic outcome (mRS≤3) | 16 (13%) | 12 (15%) | 4 (10%) | 0.45 |
Ejection fraction categories according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines.
Variables were collected within the first 12 hours of ECMO initiation. For categorical variables which do not sum to 100%, the remainder consists of missing data. Abbreviations: SOFA score, arterial blood gas, and lactate measurements represent the worst value collected in the first 12 hours of ECMO. ABI: acute brain injury; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment score; IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump; BP: blood pressure; BPV: blood pressure variability; SD: standard deviation; CV: coefficient of variation.