Table 1.
Patient Characteristics
| Original Cohort | Weighted Cohort1 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N=866) | Total (N=551) | |||||||
| Age, years (SD) | 72 (17.6) | 63.7 (20.4) | 48.4 (19.2) | 58.7 (21.8) | 62.3 (1.5) | 62.9 (1.8) | 60.5 (1.2) | 61.7 (0.8) |
| Male | 127 (43.9%) | 86 (62.8%) | 335 (76.1%) | 548 (63.3%) | 102 (52.9%) | 84 (63.3%) | 160 (71.3%) | 347 (63.0%) |
| Weight, kg (IQR) | 72.6 (62.1, 85) | 75 (66.4, 87.1) | 79.9 (68.4, 92) | 76.5 (65.3, 89) | 73.9 (63.1, 87.9) | 74.9 (66.3, 86.9) | 79.8 (67.5, 94.9) | 76.5 (64.9, 90.7) |
| CrCl, mL/min (SD) | 73.0 (34.5) | 82.1 (33.3) | 97.3 (36.5) | 86.8 (37) | 84.5 (2.7) | 83.7 (2.9) | 85.7 (2.3) | 84.8 (1.5) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Asian | 5 (1.7%) | 4 (2.9%) | 8 (1.8%) | 17 (2%) | 4 (2.2%) | 3 (2.6%) | 6 (2.5%) | 13 (2.4%) |
| Black | 65 (22.5%) | 31 (22.6%) | 140 (31.8%) | 236 (27.3%) | 59 (30.9%) | 30 (22.4%) | 57 (25.3%) | 146 (26.5%) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 8 (2.8%) | 6 (4.4%) | 33 (7.5%) | 47 (5.4%) | 8 (4%) | 7 (5%) | 10 (4.4%) | 24 (4.4%) |
| White | 201 (69.6%) | 92 (67.2%) | 227 (51.6%) | 520 (60%) | 112 (58.3%) | 89 (67%) | 139 (61.7%) | 340 (61.8%) |
| Other | 10 (3.5%) | 4 (2.9%) | 32 (7.3%) | 46 (5.3%) | 9 (4.6%) | 4 (3.1%) | 14 (6.2%) | 27 (4.9%) |
| Mechanism of injury | ||||||||
| Assault | 15 (5.2%) | 8 (5.8%) | 47 (10.7%) | 70 (8.1%) | 15 (7.9%) | 7 (5.3%) | 20 (8.7%) | 42 (7.6%) |
| Fall | 221 (76.5%) | 86 (62.8%) | 148 (33.6%) | 455 (52.5%) | 125 (65.1%) | 83 (62%) | 122 (54.5%) | 331 (60.0%) |
| GSW | 0 (0%) | 3 (2.2%) | 36 (8.2%) | 39 (4.5%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (2.1%) | 5 (2.2%) | 8 (1.4%) |
| MVC | 37 (12.8%) | 23 (16.8%) | 115 (26.1%) | 175 (20.2%) | 35 (18%) | 23 (17.5%) | 41 (18.3%) | 99 (18.0%) |
| Pedestrian | 10 (3.5%) | 8 (5.8%) | 32 (7.3%) | 50 (5.8%) | 11 (5.9%) | 8 (6.3%) | 13 (5.7%) | 33 (5.9%) |
| Other vehicle | 5 (1.7%) | 8 (5.8%) | 59 (13.4%) | 72 (8.3%) | 5 (2.8%) | 8 (5.9%) | 22 (9.7%) | 35 (6.4%) |
| Other | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.7%) | 3 (0.7%) | 5 (0.6%) | 0 (0.2%) | 1 (0.9%) | 2 (0.9%) | 4 (0.7%) |
| CT findings2 | ||||||||
| Cortical contusion | 40 (13.8%) | 25 (18.2%) | 101 (23.0%) | 166 (19.2%) | 40 (20.7%) | 24 (17.7%) | 46 (20.3%) | 109 (19.8%) |
| Intracranial hemorrhage | 281 (97.2%) | 132 (96.4%) | 410 (93.2%) | 823 (95.0%) | 185 (95.8%) | 128 (95.9%) | 214 (95.2%) | 526 (95.6%) |
| Depressed skull fracture | 5 (1.7%) | 6 (4.4%) | 41 (9.3%) | 52 (6%) | 8 (4%) | 4 (3.2%) | 10 (4.3%) | 21 (3.9%) |
| Penetrating head injury | 2 (0.7%) | 2 (1.5%) | 34 (7.7%) | 38 (4.4%) | 3 (1.4%) | 2 (1.2%) | 4 (1.6%) | 8 (1.4%) |
| Pre-hospital GCS | ||||||||
| ≤10 | 33 (11.4%) | 24 (17.5%) | 194 (44.1%) | 251 (29%) | 40 (21%) | 25 (18.6%) | 44 (19.7%) | 110 (19.9%) |
| >10 | 237 (82%) | 105 (76.6%) | 237 (53.9%) | 579 (66.9%) | 142 (73.6%) | 103 (77.2%) | 169 (75%) | 413 (75.1%) |
| AIS Head | ||||||||
| ≤3 | 148 (51.2%) | 65 (47.4%) | 169 (38.4%) | 382 (44.1%) | 93 (48.4%) | 64 (48%) | 109 (48.7%) | 267 (48.4%) |
| >3 | 140 (48.4%) | 71 (51.8%) | 264 (60%) | 475 (54.8%) | 98 (50.7%) | 68 (51.2%) | 113 (50.4%) | 279 (50.7%) |
| Operative intervention3 | 33 (11.4%) | 24 (17.5%) | 131 (29.8%) | 188 (21.7%) | 34 (17.7%) | 23 (17.2%) | 40 (17.8%) | 97 (17.6%) |
| ISS (IQR) | 16 (10, 21) | 17 (10, 25) | 21 (14, 29) | 17 (12, 26) | 16.2 (10, 22.8) | 16.7 (9.6, 24.9) | 16.6 (10, 25.1) | 16.4 (9.9, 24.6) |
| TRISS (IQR) | 0.9 (0.9, 1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1) | 0.9 (0.7, 1) | 0.9 (0.9, 1) | 0.9 (0.9, 1) | 0.9 (0.9, 1) | 0.9 (0.9, 1) | 0.9 (0.9, 1) |
| Treatment for AWS | 25 (8.7%) | 24 (17.5%) | 61 (13.9%) | 110 (12.7%) | 29 (14.9%) | 24 (18.2%) | 29 (13.1%) | 82 (14.9%) |
| ICU admission | 142 (49.1%) | 90 (65.7%) | 364 (82.7%) | 596 (68.8%) | 102 (53.2%) | 87 (65.5%) | 174 (77.3%) | 363 (66.0%) |
| Intubation in the ED | 7 (2.4%) | 12 (8.8%) | 79 (18%) | 98 (11.3%) | 8 (4.4%) | 13 (9.7%) | 20 (9.1%) | 42 (7.6%) |
Data are presented as mean (SD), median (IQR), or n (%)
N’s in the weighted cohort for each dose group are the effective sample sizes.
CT findings are not mutually exclusive. Intracranial hemorrhage included subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, or epidural hematoma.
Operative interventions included Burr hole procedure, decompressive craniectomy/hemicraniectomy, or other hematoma evacuation
SD: Standard deviation. IQR: Interquartile range. CrCl: Creatinine clearance. GSW: Gunshot wound. MVC: Motor vehicle collision. GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale. AIS: Abbreviated Injury Scale. ISS: Injury Severity Score. TRISS: Trauma and Injury Severity Score. AWS: Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome. ICU: Intensive Care Unit. ED: Emergency Department.