Table 1.

Percutaneous devices used so far and potential complications of transcatheter heart valve interventions under left ventricular assist device support.

Valve	Percutaneous devices used so far	Number of reported cases	References	Reported complications	Ways to prevent or to manage
Aortic	CoreValve, Evolut R, Evolut Pro	41	(44–63)	Valve migration	Valve oversizing, valve-in-valve, valve-in-ring, self-fixating prosthesis
	Sapien, Sapien XT, Sapien 3	17	(13, 46, 47, 55, 64–72)	Paravalvular leak	Valve oversizing, balloon overinflation (for balloon-expandable models), valve-in-valve
	ACURATE Neo	1	(73)
	JenaValve	1	(74)	Valve deterioration by disuse	Ramp study to allow at least partial aortic valve opening
	Melody	1	(43)	Valve thrombosis	Ensure optimal anticoagulation, prompt recognition and diagnosis
	Unknown (TAVR)	87	(75)
	Amplatzer Occluder	34	(46, 76–89)	Hemolysis (with septal occluders)	Avoid peridevice regurgitant flow
Mitral	MitraClip	33	(90–92)	Increased transvalvular pressure gradients/iatrogenic mitral stenosis	Appropriate patient selection to identify best suited valve morphology, Avoid excessive adduction of the anterior and posterior leaflets
	Valve-in-Valve (Sapien XT)	1	(52)	Inter-atrial shunt	Avoid placing >2 MitraClips, Percutaneous ASD closure
Tricuspid	MitraClip XTR		(93)	Residual regurgitant jet	Additional clips deployment
				Leaflet tear	Caution with MitraClip G4 systems
				Conduction abnormalities	Avoid excessive radial strain with valve deployment
		1		Single-leaflet device attachment	Additional clips deployment
				Valve thrombosis	Ensure optimal anticoagulation, prompt recognition and diagnosis
				Stent migration (TriCinch or CAVI)	Avoid if bridge-to-transplant or if vena cava are too dilated

ASD: atrial septal defect, CAVI: caval vale implantation, TAVR: transcatheter aortic valve replacement.