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Tumor microenvironment in chemoresistant CRC. Extracellular matrix acts as a physical barrier to prevent drugs from entering. The microenvironment of the formation of new blood vessels, hypoxia and acidification contributes to chemoresistance. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) promote tumor by secreting tumor growth factors and exosomes. Immune cells acquire immunosuppressive phenotype to make the tumor escape.
