Table 1.
Clinical drugs.
| Clinical Drugs | Type | Inhibition mechanism | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin | Biguanides | Activation the AMPK pathway inhibits Caspase-1 and IL-1 β | (139, 140) |
| Dapagliflozin | SGLT-2 inhibitors | Activate the AMPK and mTORC2 signaling pathways | (141) |
| Empagliflozin | SGLT-2 inhibitors | Activate the AMPK and mTORC2 signaling pathways | (142) |
| Pioglitazone | Thiazolidinediones | Inhibit AGE/RAG signaling pathway and local ROS release | (143) |
| Acarbose | α- Glycosidase inhibitors | Inhibit Nox4 oxidase | (144) |
| Liraglutide | GLP-1 receptor agonists | Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation | (145) |
| Saxagliptin | DPP-4 inhibitors | Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation | (146) |
| Glibenclamide | Sulfonylureas | Inhibits ATP-sensitive K+ channels | (147, 148) |
| Verapamil | Ca2+ channel blockers | Enhance Trx-R activity and inhibit TLR4 | (149, 150) |
| Fenofibrate | PPARα agonists | Regulation of Nrf2 signaling | (151) |
| Vitamin D | Vitamin | Inhibition of ROS/TXNIP pathway and activation of AMPK pathway | (152, 153) |
| Vitamin E | Vitamin | Inhibit TRAF6/NF-κB pathway and activate AMPK/autophagy axis | (154) |