Table 2.
Risk of carotid plaque progression according to hepatic steatosis with/without sarcopenia (n=852)
| Variable | No NAFLD or sarcopenia | Only NAFLD | P value | Only sarcopenia | P value | NAFLD with sarcopenia | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarcopeniaweight based analysis | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (Reference) | 1.38 (0.99–1.93) | 0.060 | 3.20 (1.86–5.51) | <0.001 | 2.79 (1.82–4.29) | <0.001 | |
| Model 2 | 1 (Reference) | 1.45 (1.03–2.04) | 0.035 | 2.77 (1.58–4.85) | <0.001 | 2.66 (1.71–4.14) | <0.001 | |
| Model 3 | 1 (Reference) | 1.28 (0.84–1.93) | 0.249 | 1.89 (0.96–3.73) | 0.067 | 2.37 (1.33–4.20) | 0.003 | |
| Model 4 | 1 (Reference) | 1.28 (0.84–1.94) | 0.254 | 1.92 (0.96–3.85) | 0.066 | 2.30 (1.28–4.15) | 0.006 | |
| Model 5 | 1 (Reference) | 1.22 (0.79–1.88) | 0.366 | 1.91 (0.95–3.84) | 0.071 | 2.20 (1.21–4.00) | 0.009 | |
| Sarcopeniaheight based analysis | ||||||||
| Model 1 | 1 (Reference) | 1.26 (0.90–1.77) | 0.186 | 1.53 (0.96–2.41) | 0.071 | 3.32 (2.03–5.44) | <0.001 | |
| Model 2 | 1 (Reference) | 1.36 (0.96–1.92) | 0.086 | 1.45 (0.90–2.32) | 0.125 | 2.81 (1.69–4.67) | <0.001 | |
| Model 3 | 1 (Reference) | 1.12 (0.74–1.69) | 0.608 | 1.57 (0.87–2.81) | 0.133 | 2.63 (1.48–4.68) | 0.001 | |
| Model 4 | 1 (Reference) | 1.09 (0.72–1.67) | 0.678 | 1.46 (0.80–2.66) | 0.222 | 2.55 (1.41–4.63) | 0.002 | |
| Model 5 | 1 (Reference) | 1.04 (0.67–1.60) | 0.871 | 1.45 (0.79–2.66) | 0.226 | 2.47 (1.36–4.51) | 0.003 | |
Sarcopeniaweight was defined as skeletal muscle mass index (SMI, %) <2 standard deviations below the gender-specific mean for healthy young adults in the Korean population: SMI (%) <29.0 in men and <22.9 in women was considered as sarcopenia. In sensitivity analysis, sarcopeniaheight was defined as an appendicular skeletal mass/height2 ratio <7.0 in men and <5.7 in women. Model 1: crude model without any adjustment; Model 2=Model 1+age, sex; Model 3=Model 2+body mass index, follow-up duration, smoking, alcohol consumption, history of hypertension, exercise; Model 4=Model 3+estimated glomerular filtration rate, diabetes mellitus duration, glycosylated hemoglobin; Model 5=Model 4+use of statin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, history of cardio-cerebrovascular disease (logistic regression analysis).
NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.