Table 1.
Baseline subject characteristics
| Variable | Total | Normal | NAFLD only | MAFLD only | NAFLD and MAFLD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 394,835 | 290,207 | 5,979 | 16,952 | 81,697 |
| Age, yr | 39.58±10.09 | 38.80±9.82 | 38.83±9.17 | 41.75±9.38 | 41.95±10.80 |
| Female sex | 45.27 (178,724) | 53.52 (155,317) | 31.46 (1,881) | 7.22 (1,224) | 24.85 (20,302) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.40±3.19 | 22.43±2.73 | 21.75±1.12 | 26.68±2.70 | 26.30±2.65 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 80.35±9.42 | 77.33±8.27 | 78.14±4.94 | 90.81±7.02 | 88.36±7.12 |
| Current smoker | 25.85 (102,075) | 22.62 (65,634) | 27.76 (1,660) | 50.17 (8,504) | 32.16 (26,277) |
| Daily alcohol consumption, g/day | 10.64±18.10 | 9.50±16.91 | 6.16±7.00 | 45.13±32.89 | 7.58±7.85 |
| Regular physical activity | 10.60 (41,849) | 11.11 (32,232) | 8.66 (518) | 8.38 (1,420) | 9.40 (7,679) |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 4.42 (17,442) | 2.26 (6,556) | 0 | 13.19 (2,236) | 10.59 (8,650) |
| Hypertension | 15.98 (63,075) | 11.67 (33,869) | 5.39 (322) | 34.39 (5,830) | 28.22 (23,054) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 11.15 (44,021) | 8.00 (23,227) | 13.00 (777) | 21.35 (3,619) | 20.07 (16,398) |
| History of cardiovascular disease | 3.82 (15,064) | 3.38 (9,809) | 3.71 (222) | 4.11 (696) | 5.31 (4,337) |
| HBsAg | 3.87 (15,282) | 4.13 (11,975) | 0 | 19.51 (3,307) | 0 |
| Anti-HCV | 0.21 (828) | 0.23 (664) | 0 | 0.98 (164) | 0 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 113.66±14.47 | 111.53±13.94 | 110.74±11.04 | 121.76±14.05 | 119.78±14.29 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 73.19±10.20 | 71.64±9.82 | 71.62±8.37 | 79.40±10.17 | 77.53±9.90 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 94.89±16.67 | 92.48±12.83 | 91.76±7.71 | 105.34±26.88 | 101.50±22.70 |
| HbA1c | 5.57±0.55 | 5.49±0.42 | 5.46±0.28 | 5.81±0.83 | 5.78±0.77 |
| Fasting serum insulin, μU/mL | 4.84±4.41 | 4.13±3.35 | 4.40±2.35 | 7.01±4.77 | 6.92±6.48 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 194.75±35.09 | 189.66±33.29 | 199.34±34.62 | 210.66±36.89 | 209.21±35.90 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 122.96±85.09 | 103.09±61.96 | 115.89±57.38 | 201.47±137.10 | 177.77±107.37 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 56.10±13.23 | 58.48±13.32 | 55.23±11.56 | 50.64±11.12 | 48.85±10.06 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 114.43±30.60 | 109.62±28.82 | 121.72±30.44 | 126.59±32.13 | 128.42±31.30 |
| Non-HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 138.65±35.78 | 131.18±33.07 | 144.11±34.14 | 160.02±35.82 | 160.36±34.41 |
| Apolipoprotein A-I, mg/dL | 141.52±23.78 | 143.78±23.98 | 141.00±21.81 | 138.79±23.87 | 133.95±21.42 |
| Apolipoprotein B, mg/dL | 91.64±24.67 | 86.25±22.62 | 95.39±23.54 | 107.43±23.75 | 107.46±23.72 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 24.21±20.37 | 22.53±21.77 | 24.08±12.40 | 32.68±19.70 | 28.43±13.70 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 25.83±26.37 | 21.14±24.66 | 27.31±17.05 | 42.39±30.29 | 38.94±26.11 |
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase, U/L | 30.55±41.48 | 24.17±31.66 | 29.79±39.76 | 77.75±98.17 | 43.47±43.17 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.96±0.21 | 0.94±0.22 | 0.98±0.18 | 1.04±0.18 | 1.03±0.18 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 0.12±0.31 | 0.10±0.31 | 0.10±0.22 | 0.16±0.34 | 0.16±0.33 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.16±1.09 | 0.96±0.74 | 1.00±0.55 | 1.83±1.38 | 1.75±1.67 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or percentage (number).
NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.