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. 2023 Mar 13;11:1121406. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1121406

Table 2.

Risk factors for influencing LOS-NICU included in the analysis of each study.

Risk factors Bender et al. Berry et al. Charlton et al. Ge et al. Hintz et al Jetton et al. Kheiry et al. Klinger et al. Lee et al. Lee et al. Eken et al Eken et al Murki et al. Patil et al. Payne et al. Pepler et al. Różańska et al. Sahiledengle et al. Shah et al. Singh et al. Xie et al. Ye et al. Zhang et al. Number of studies
Inherent factors 17
 Birth weight X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 14
 Gestational age X X X X X X X X X X 10
 SGA X X X X X X 6
 Congenital anomalies X X X X 4
 Sex X X X X 4
 Ethnicity/race/nationality X X X 3
 Year of birth X 1
 Multiple gestation X 1
 Discharge weight X 1
Antenatal treatment and maternal factors 8
 Mode of delivery X X X X X 5
 Maternal hypertension X X X 3
 Antenatal steroids X X 2
 Abnormal antenatal umbilical artery Doppler X 1
 Primigravida X 1
 Maternal diabetes X 1
 Maternal age X 1
 Received prenatal care X 1
 Other maternal conditions X 1
 Preeclampsia X 1
Diseases and adverse conditions 18
 Sepsis X X X X X X X 7
 NEC X X X X X 5
 BPD X X X X X 5
 ROP X X X X 4
 Neonatal AKI X X X 3
 RDS X X X 3
 At least one infection (including HIAs, NBIs) X X X 3
 Fetal distress X X 2
 CCD X X 2
 IVH X X 2
 Pneumonia X X 2
 PDA X X 2
 TTNB X X 2
 IUGR X 1
 Congenital metabolic disorders X 1
 Seizures X 1
 NNH X 1
 Comorbidities X 1
 PVL X 1
Treatment of the newborn 5
 Surgery X X 2
 Resuscitation X 1
 Nutrition deviation X 1
 Medication deviation X 1
 Breastfeeding X 1
 Phototherapy X 1
 Mechanical ventilation X 1
 CVC X 1
Clinical scores and laboratory indicators 10
 SNAPPE/SNAPPE-II score X X 2
 5-min Apgar score <4 X X 2
 CRIB score X 1
 TRIPS score X 1
 NT-proBNP7 X 1
 Hassan scale X 1
 Bacterial culture of cord blood X 1
 1-min Apgar score X 1
 MAIN scores X 1
Organizational factors 5
 Center (random effect) X X 2
 Transferred/outborn status X X 2
 Obstetrical conditions X 1
 Children's hospitals vs. prenatal centers X 1

SGA, small for gestational age; NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity; AKI, acute kidney injury; RDS, respiratory distress syndrome; HIAs, hospital-acquired infection; NBIs, nosocomial bloodstream infections; CCD, congenital cardiac disease; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; TTNB, transient tachypnea of the newborn; IUGR, intrauterine growth retardation; NNH, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia; CVC, central venous catheter; SNAPPE, Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology; CRIB, Critical Risk Index for Babies; TRIPS, Transport risk index of physiologic stability; MAIN, Morbidity Assessment Index for Newborns.