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. 2023 Mar 13;14:1135086. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135086

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Copyright © 2023 Yan, Gu, Sun and Ge

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of NET in regulating immune cells. NETs can mediate immune response via complex regulations at multiple immune cells. Macrophages and DCs: NETs promote macrophages apoptosis, polarization, cytokine production, and impair macrophage phagocytic function; NETs can promote DCs apoptosis, maturation, activation and cytokine production. NK cells: NETs can impair NK cell function, including IFN-γ production and cell degranulation. T cells: NETs promote CD4+ T cell differentiation into Th1 and Th17 cell; NETs also promote immature DCs differentiation into CD4+FOXP3+Tregs.B cells: NETs can induce B cells proliferation, activation, differentiation and antibody secretion.