Table 2.
The roles of NETs in the cancer progression.
| Cancer type | Detected NETs marker | NETs Formation Mechanism | Relevance to cancer progression | Potential Mechanisms | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) |
MPO-DNA/H3cit | Cancer cell-derived IL-8 | Promote tumor invasiveness and metastasis; predict a poor prognosis | Activate TLR4/9-COX2; increase cathepsin G; oxidize mtDNA | (77, 83, 84) |
| Breast cancer | MPO-DNA/H3cit | Cancer cell-derived cathepsin C | Promote tumor metastasis | Regulate CCDC25-ILK-β-parvin pathway; NF-κB pathway | (15, 24) |
| Pancreatic cancer | MPO-H3cit | Cancer cell-derived DDR1; TIMP1 | Promote cancer cells migration and invasion; promote tumor metastasis; induce immunotherapy resistance | Activate IL-1β/EGFR/ERK pathway; inhibit CD8+ T cell function |
(16, 19, 20, 85) |
| Ovarian cancer | MPO-H3cit | Cancer cell-derived inflammatory factors | Promote tumor metastasis and chemotherapy resistance | Unclear | (75) |
| Gastric cancer (GC) | MPO-DNA/cfDNA/NE/MPO-H3cit | Cancer cell-derived TME/Postoperative abdominal infectious complication |
Promote tumor proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis | EMT, Activates TGF-β pathway |
(76, 86) |
| Colon cancer | H3cit | Cancer cell-derived IL-8 | Promote cancer proliferation and metastasis | EMT; Releases HMGB1 and activates TLR9 pathways |
(79, 80) |
| Human melanoma | MPO-H3cit | Cancer-associated fibroblasts- derived Amyloid β | Promotes tumor proliferation | Unclear | (18) |
| Bladder cancer | NE-H3cit | Tumor immune microenvironment-derived HMGB1 | Promotes tumor radioresistance | Unclear | (87) |
| Lung cancer | Unclear | Unclear | Promotes cancer invasion, metastasis | Interaction of TGF-β, IFN-β, and NE-pathways; trap CTCs |
(78, 88) |
| Glioma | MPO-H3cit | IL-8 | Promotes tumor proliferation and invasion | HMGB1/RAGE/IL-8 axis | (53) |
| Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia (APL) | MPO-DNA/H3cit | Activated platelets |
Increases bleeding burden | Damage the integrity of endothelial cells | (71) |
| Hodgkin Lymphoma | H3cit | Unclear | Correlates with concurrent fibrosis and inflammation |
Unclear | (72) |
| Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) | MPO-DNA/H3cit | IL-8 | Promotes tumor proliferation and migration | TLR9-NFκB-STAT3-p38 | (89) |
| Myeloproliferative neoplasms | H3cit | JAK2 | Promotes thrombosis | Unclear | (73) |