Table 3.
Effects of the intervention and time on the secondary outcomes among older adults (intention-to-treat method and per protocol based).
| Measures | Intervention group | Control group | Time × group | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Baseline mean (SD) | Post mean (SD) | Change mean (95% CI) | p | n | Baseline mean (SD) | Post mean (SD) | Change mean (95% CI) | p | F | p | ||
| Grip strength, kg | ITT | 140 | 28.2 (7.8) | 28.1 (7.5) | 0.05 (−0.5 to 0.6) | 140 | 28.4 (7.9) | 27.9 (7.8) | 0.6 (0.1 to 1.1) | * | 1.93 | ||
| PPB | 126 | 28.3 (7.9) | 28.2 (7.6) | 0.07 (−0.5 to 0.6) | 126 | 28.8 (7.7) | 28.2 (7.6) | 0.6 (0.1 to 1.2) | * | 1.81 | |||
| 5CS, sec | ITT | 140 | 7.6 (2.2) | 7.2 (2.2) | 0.39 (0.1 to 0.7) | ** | 140 | 7.8 (2.0) | 7.6 (2.2) | 0.2 (−0.1 to 0.5) | 0.62 | ||
| PPB | 125 | 7.6 (2.2) | 7.2 (2.3) | 0.43 (0.1 to 0.7) | ** | 126 | 7.8 (1.9) | 7.5 (2.2) | 0.3 (−0.1 to 0.6) | 0.62 | |||
| Walking speed, m/s | ITT | 140 | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.2) | −0.01 (0.0 to 0.0) | 140 | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.3) | 1.48 | |||
| PPB | 125 | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.2) | −0.02 (0.0 to 0.0) | 128 | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0) | 1.62 | ||||
| 6MWT, meter | ITT | 140 | 453.5 (60.0) | 463.3 (63.6) | −10.05 (−15.1 to −5.0) | *** | 140 | 450.0 (54.0) | 447.5 (57.4) | 2.8 (−2.3 to 7.8) | 12.48 | *** | |
| PPB | 123 | 456.7 (61.5) | 467.8 (64.8) | −11.63 (−17.3 to −5.9) | *** | 125 | 452.1 (54.1) | 449.3 (57.9) | 3.3 (−2.4 to 8.9) | 13.25 | *** | ||
| Total time of daily conversation regarding health, score | ITT | 137 | 2.2 (1.9) | 3.2 (2.4) | −0.98 (−1.4 to −0.6) | *** | 140 | 2.4 (2.1) | 2.8 (2.3) | −0.4 (−0.8 to 0.0) | 3.74 | ||
| PPB | 124 | 2.2 (1.8) | 3.3 (2.4) | −1.08 (−1.5 to −0.6) | *** | 127 | 2.4 (2.2) | 2.8 (2.3) | −0.4 (−0.9 to 0.0) | 3.49 | |||
| Social network, score | ITT | 140 | 17.2 (5.2) | 17.7 (5.3) | −0.53 (−1.1 to 0.1) | 140 | 17.3 (5.2) | 17.0 (5.0) | 0.3 (−0.3 to 0.9) | 3.80 | |||
| PPB | 126 | 17.4 (5.0) | 18.0 (5.1) | −0.60 (−1.2 to 0.0) | 128 | 17.2 (5.1) | 16.9 (4.9) | 0.3 (−0.3 to 1.0) | 4.13 | * | |||
| Daily steps, step/day | ITT | 133 | 6916.7 (3295.7) | 7150.4 (3380.8) | −263.80 (−524.0 to −3.6) | * | 134 | 6478.8 (2589.3) | 6243.2 (2633.9) | 265.4 (6.2 to 524.6) | * | 7.99 | ** |
| PPB | 112 | 6901.7 (3289.5) | 7179.2 (3390.1) | −320.14 (−624.8 to −15.5) | * | 119 | 6589.3 (2608.3) | 6324.1 (2667.8) | 305.3 (9.9 to 600.8) | * | 8.34 | ** | |
| MVPA, min/day | ITT | 133 | 32.9 (23.1) | 33.8 (23.3) | −1.14 (−2.9 to 0.6) | 134 | 30.1 (18.6) | 28.7 (18.5) | 1.6 (−0.2 to 3.4) | 4.62 | * | ||
| PPB | 112 | 32.5 (23.4) | 33.7 (23.6) | −1.39 (−3.5 to 0.7) | 119 | 30.5 (18.9) | 28.9 (18.8) | 1.8 (−0.2 to 3.8) | 4.77 | * | |||
Adjusted for baseline measurements, age, sex, education and medication using analyses of covariance. Missing data imputed using last observation carried forward. 5CS, 5-times chair stand test; 6MWT, 6-min walking test; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; ITT, intention-to-treat; PPB, per protocol based. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.