TABLE 1.

Study of cell-derived exosomes in spinal cord injury.

Cell-derived exosomes	Dosage	Therapy schedule	Concentration	Methods of exosome isolation	Animal model	Results	References
BMSCs-Exos	200 μL	injected locally on the Surface of the injured Spinal cord	1 mg/mL	Immunomagnetic bead capture method	Contusion in mice	Promotes the recovery of neurological function after SCI by enhancing phagocytic ability of macrophages and promoting phagocytic ability of myelin debris through upregulation of macrophage collagenous structure of macrophage receptor (MARCO)	Sheng et al. (2021)
BMSCs-Exos	200 μL	tail vein injection	200 μg/mL	Ultracentrifugation	Contusion in rat	Effectively inhibits migration of pericytes, thereby maintaining the integrity of BSCB after spinal cord injury	Lu et al. (2019)
BMSCs-Exos	200 μL	tail vein injection	1 μg/µL	Ultrafiltration	Contusion in rat	Attenuating neuronal apoptosis by promoting early autophagy and facilitating functional behavioral recovery in spinal cord injured rats	Gu et al. (2020)
BMSCs-Exos	200 μL	tail vein injection	200 μg/mL	Ultracentrifugation	Contusion in rat	Protects pericytes by inhibiting prolapse and improving the integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier, thereby promoting neuronal survival and nerve fiber extension	Zhou et al. (2022)
HucMSCs-Exos	200 μg	vein injection	1 μg/mL	Ultracentrifugation	Contusion in mice	Triggers polarization of macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotype, attenuates inflammatory response, and promotes recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury	Sun et al. (2018)
HucMSCs-Exos	200 μL	without providing Possible method	1 μg/µL	Ultrafiltration	Contusion in rat	Reduced activation of microglia and astrocytes in mice to improve motor function through anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects	Kang and Guo, (2022)
hPMSCs-Exos	200 μg/µL	injection	200 μg/mL	Ultracentrifugation	Contusion in mice	Pro-angiogenic effect on vascular endothelial cells	Zhang et al. (2020)
hPMSCs-Exos	100 μL	tail vein injection	500 μg/mL	Ultracentrifugation	Complete contusion in rat	Regulates endogenous neural precursor cells, promotes nerve regeneration, and facilitates functional recovery after spinal cord injury	Zhou et al. (2021)
hEpi AD-MSC exosome	200 μL	vein injection	Low:1 × 109particles/0.2 mL; High:5 × 109particles/0.2 mL	Ultrafiltration	a 50 g clip-compression in rat	Restoring spinal cord function by reducing the inflammatory response	Sung et al. (2022)
NSCs-Exos	100 μL	tail vein injection	2 mg/mL	Immunomagnetic bead capture method	Moderate contusion in mice	Introduction of VEGF-A into SCMECs promote the angiogenic activity of SCMECs, and NSCs-Exos treatment promotes the recovery of neurological function after spinal cord injury, which is largely attributed to its pro-angiogenic effect	Zhong et al. (2020)
NSCs-Exos	200 μL	tail vein injection	1 μg/µL	Ultrafiltration	Contusion in rat	Effectively reduce apoptosis and neuroinflammation of nerve cells after spinal cord injury, thus promoting functional recovery after spinal cord injury	Rong et al. (2019)
SCDEs	250 μL	tail vein injection	0.1 μg/µL	Ultracentrifugation	Contusion in rat	Inducing axonal protection after spinal cord injury by increasing autophagy and reducing apoptosis	Pan et al. (2022)
SCDEs	100 μL	tail vein injection	0.1 μg/µL	Ultracentrifugation	Severe crush	Reducing CSPG deposition through NF-κB/PI3K signaling pathway by increasing TLR2 expression on astrocytes promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury in mice	Pan et al. (2021))
Macrophage-derived Exosome	100 μL	tail vein injection	100 μg/µL	Ultracentrifugation	Moderate contusion in mice	Activation of Wnt/OTULIN-catenin signaling pathway through delivery of beta protein positively regulates vascular regeneration and neurological recovery after spinal cord injury	Luo et al. (2021)
MG-Exos	200 μL	tail vein injection	1 μg/µL	Ultracentrifugation	Moderate contusion in mice	Protects spinal microvascular endothelial cells from the toxic effects of high oxidative stress and promotes endothelial cell function and viability	Peng et al. (2021)
Pericyte-derived exosome	300 μL	tail vein injection	200μg/3 mL	Ultracentrifugation	Contusion in mice	Promotes blood flow after spinal cord injury, improves endothelial function, protects the BSCB, and attenuates apoptotic responses, thereby promoting functional and behavioral recovery	Yuan et al. (2019)