TABLE 2.

Study on the treatment of spinal cord injury by cell-derived exosomes combined with biomaterial scaffolds.

Bio-scaffold	Cell-derived exosomes	Animal model	Results	References
Fibrin glue (FG)	BMSCs-Exos	Contusion in rat	Reduces oxidative and inflammatory microenvironment, promotes nerve tissue repair and urinary tissue protection	Mu et al. (2021)
GelMA	BMSCs-Exos	Transection in rat	Promotes neuronal differentiation and extension in vitro, facilitates nerve regeneration, and reduces glial scarring at damaged injury sites	Cheng et al. (2021)
PPFLMLLKGSTR peptide modified HA hydrogel (PGel)	hPMSCs-Exos	Transection in rat	Reduces inflammation and oxidation, significantly restores nerves and preserves urinary tissue	Li R. et al. (2020)
F127-polycitrate-polyethyleneimine hydrogel (FE)	ADMSCs-Exos	Transection in rat	Reduces inflammatory response, remyelination and axonal regeneration, and significantly promotes tissue repair and recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury	Wang Y. et al. (2021)
Adhesive HA hydrogel	hypo- HUVECs	Transection in rat	Promotes angiogenesis and nerve regeneration at the site of spinal cord injury	Mu et al. (2022)
Melatonin (MT)	BMSCs	Contusion in mice	Crossing the blood-brain barrier for spinal cord injury	Liu W. et al. (2021)
LOCS-BSP-PTX	hucMSCs-Exos	Transection in rat	Guided axonal growth along its fibers in vitro reduces the deposition of scar-associated components at the injury site and promotes complete spinal cord injury in rats	Zhang L. et al. (2021)
GM/PPy	BMSCs	Right hemisection in mice	Promoting NSC recruitment, neuronal and myelin-associated axon regeneration and synergistic motor recovery after spinal cord hemisection in mice	Fan et al. (2022)