Table 5.
Univariate analysis of demographic, clinical and COVID-19-related variables in regard to mortality.
| 1st-3rd outbreaks | 4th outbreak | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable* | Dead N=27 | Alive N=275 | P-value | Dead N=7 | Alive N=103 | P value |
| Age (years) mean(SD) | 63.3 (15.4) | 52.7 (15.1) | 0.003 | 68.1 (10.5) | 48.8 (14.1) | 0.002 |
| Female N (%) | 19 (70.4) | 195 (70.9) | 0.9 | 7 (100) | 73 (70.9) | 0.2 |
| AIIRD diagnosis | ||||||
| RA | 9 (33.3) | 91 (33.1) | 0.103 | 5 (71.4) | 24 (23.3) | 0.078 |
| SpA (including PsA and AS) | 0 (0) | 61 (22.2) | 1 (14.3) | 26 (25.2) | ||
| SLE | 5 (18.5) | 36 (13.1) | 0 (0) | 17 (16.5) | ||
| Other CTD (SSc, IIM, MCTD etc.) | 6 (22.2) | 24 (8.7) | 0 (0) | 19 (18.4) | ||
| Vasculitis | 4 (14.8) | 28 (10.2) | 0 (0) | 10 (9.7) | ||
| FMF | 1 (3.7) | 18 (6.5) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (1.0) | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 1 (3.7) | 11 (4.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | ||
| Other AIIRD | 1 (3.7) | 6 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 5 (4.9) | ||
| Active disease in last visit prior to COVID-19 | 16 (12) | 117 (88) | 0.154 | 4 (57.1) | 20 (19) | 0.028 |
| AIIRD with any systemic involvement | 17 (62.9) | 130 (47.3) | 0.029 | 4 (57.1) | 38 (36.9) | 0.2 |
| Lung involvement | 8 (29.6) | 31 (11.3) | 0.013 | 2 (28.6) | 14 (13.6) | 0.3 |
| Cardiac involvement | 7 (25.9) | 16 (5.8) | 0.002 | 1 (14.3) | 6 (5.8) | 0.3 |
| Renal involvement | 7 (25.9) | 20 (7.3) | 0.005 | 1 (14.3) | 8 (7.7) | 0.4 |
| Vascular involvement | 10 (37.0) | 45 (16.4) | 0.016 | 0 (0) | 24 (23.3) | 0.3 |
| AIIRD disease duration (years) median (IQR) | 10 (6,16) | 10 (5,14) | 0.3 | 15 (4,18) | 7 (4,15) | 0.4 |
| Chronic rheumatic treatment | ||||||
| Prednisone | 19 (70.4) | 101(36.7) | 0.001 | 4 (57.1) | 29 (28.2) | 0.2 |
| Prednisone dose (mg) median (IQR) | 5 (5,15) | 5 (5,10) | 0.533 | 5 (0,10) | 5 (0,40) | 0.47 |
| DMARD | 15 (55.6) | 161 (58.5) | 0.8 | 4 (57.1) | 50 (48.5) | 0.9 |
| MTX | 6 (22.2) | 67 (24.4) | 0.8 | 2 (28.6) | 12 (11.7) | 0.2 |
| MMF/MPA | 3 (11.1) | 19 (6.9) | 0.4 | 1 (14.3) | 8 (7.8) | 0.5 |
| Biologic/targeted synthetic medications | 7 (25.9) | 129 (46.9) | 0.037 | 6 (85.7) | 55 (53.4) | 0.2 |
| Anti-cytokines | 6 (22.2) | 26 (9.5) | 0.054 | 3 (42.9) | 32 (31.1) | 0.7 |
| Rituximab | 4 (14.8) | 20 (7.3) | 0.3 | 0 (0) | 16 (15.5) | 0.7 |
| Abatacept | 0 (0) | 5 (1.8) | 1 | 1 (14.3) | 3 (2.9) | 0.2 |
| JAKi | 1 (3.7) | 13 (4.7) | 1 | 2 (28.6) | 2 (1.9) | 0.012 |
| Comorbidities | 20 (74.1) | 171 (62.2) | 0.299 | 5 (71.4) | 58 (56.3) | 0.7 |
| More than 1 comorbidity | 12 (44.4) | 68 (24.7) | 0.027 | 3 (42.8) | 24 (23.3) | 0.12 |
| IHD | 4 (14.8) | 7 (2.5) | 0.011 | 1 (14.3) | 3 (2.9) | 0.2 |
| Hypertension | 9 (33.3) | 74 (26.9) | 0.501 | 3 (42.8) | 17 (16.5) | 0.077 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 6 (22.2) | 50 (18.2) | 0.604 | 2 (28.6) | 12 (11.7) | 0.2 |
| Congestive heart failure | 6 (22.2) | 4 (1.5) | <0.0001 | 1 (14.3) | 4 (3.9) | 0.3 |
| Chronic renal failure | 5 (18.5) | 14 (5.1) | 0.019 | 2 (28.6) | 3 (2.9) | 0.023 |
| Obesity | 5 (18.5) | 58 (21.1) | 0.812 | 1 (14.3) | 17 (16.5) | 0.9 |
| Chronic lung disease (COPD, asthma) | 6 (22.2) | 25 (9.1) | 0.044 | 1 (14.3) | 9 (8.7) | 0.4 |
| Atherosclerosis and AF | 2 (7.4) | 14 (5.1) | 0.646 | 1 (14.3) | 10 (9.7) | 0.6 |
| Smoking (ever) | 2 (7.4) | 11 (4.0) | 0.3 | 0 (0) | 8 (7.8) | 0.9 |
*Categorical variables are presented as number (%). Normally distributed continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD and skewed continues variables are presented as median (IQR).
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; AIIRD, autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease; n, number; SD, standard deviation; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SpA, spondyloarthritis; PsA, psoriatic arthritis; AS, ankylosing spondylitis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; CTD, connective tissue disease; SSc, systemic sclerosis; IIM, idiopathic inflammatory myopathy; MCTD, mixed connective tissue disease; FMF, familial Mediterranean fever; IQR, interquartile range; csDMARDs, conventional synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; MTX; methotrexate, MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; MPA, mycophenolic acid; JAKi, Janus-kinase inhibitors; IHD, ischemic heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AF, atrial fibrillation.
Statistically significant P-values are bolded.