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. 2023 Mar 13;10:1136340. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1136340

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© 2023 Volpe and Gallo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mechanisms of higher susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases in obese patients. The expansion of visceral adipose tissue is associated to a dysregulated secretion of adipokines and other inflammatory cytokines which contribute to the development of insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and prothrombotic state, finally leading to increased susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases. FFA, free fatty acid; IL-1, interleukin-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; NO, nitric oxide; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.