Table 2.

Description of completed randomized controlled trials focused on dietary and/or physical activity behavioral changes in Black and Latina breast cancer survivors; sample, intervention, and methodology characteristics (N = 17).

Trial name, First Author, Location (Type of Behavior)	Study Design	Sample Characteristics	Intervention \ Characteristics	Study Measures	Primary Outcomes
Diet Interventions (n= 2 efficacy trials)
¡Cocinar para su Salud!, Greenlee, 2015 (57), New York (Diet) Other publications (70–72)	RCT, 2-arm, efficacy	Group (N): 70 I (34); C (36) Sample: Survivors; -77% Dominican -7% Puerto Rican -7% Ecuadorian Stages: 0 - III Mean time since diagnosis: 3.4 y Mean age: 56.6 y Mean BMI: 30.9 kg/m2 Recruitment: oncology clinics at academic cancer center	Theory: Stages of Change Construct and Social Cognitive Theory Duration: 3mo. Delivery: All: Nutrition educational printed material in Spanish I: Nine in-person Saturday classes lasting 1.5 to 3.5 hours: - 4 nutrition education with a registered dietitian - 3 cooking classes with Latina chef - 2 food shopping field trips to local supermarket and greenmarket C: Usual care Contact: Monthly calls with a dietitian during 3mo. Follow-up: 6mo., 12mo.	Physical Activity measure: Block Physical Activity Screener Dietary measure: Three 24-hour recall assessments (2 weekdays, 1 weekend day, one in person at baseline, two over the phone).	Change in intake of servings of fruits and vegetables % Calories from fat
Zuniga, 2018 (58), Texas (Diet) Other publications (73)	RCT, 2-arm, efficacy	Group (N): 153 I (76); C (77) Sample: Survivors; -51.2% Latina -42.4% Non-Hispanic White -6.4% Other Stages: 0 - III Mean time since diagnosis: 2 y Mean age: 57 y Mean BMI: Not Reported Recruitment: Not Reported	Theory: Not Reported Duration: 6mo. Delivery: I: Monthly in-person group nutrition workshops about anti-inflammatory foods and cancer recurrence. - Didactic portion and cooking demonstrations with chef trained in AI food preparation, a tasting, and interactive discussion with participants and research staff. - Encouraged to attend 6 monthly workshops - Received paper copies of presentation material - Received motivational interviewing C: Usual care - Monthly American Institute for Cancer Research informational brochures Contact: Monthly calls with trained patient navigators for 6 mo. Follow-up: none	Physical activity measure: none Dietary measure: 14-item Mediterranean diet assessment tool and a 3-day food record (two weekdays and one weekend day) prior to assessment	Change in adherence to anti-inflammatory dietary pattern
Physical Activity Interventions (n= 2 efficacy trials; n= 4 pilot/feasibility trials)
Dieli-Conwright 2018 (59), California (Physical Activity) Other publications (74)	RCT, 2-arm, efficacy	Group (N): 100 I (50); C (50) Sample: Survivors; -55% White Latina -26% Non-Hispanic White -4% Black -15% Asian/Pacific Islander Stages: 0 – III Mean time since diagnosis: 6.2 mo. Mean age: 53.5 y Mean BMI: 33.5 kg/m2 Recruitment: academic cancer center and affiliate public hospital	Theory: American Cancer Society (ACS) exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Duration: 4mo. Delivery: All: Asked to maintain dietary behaviors during the study period I: Supervised, one-on-one training provided by a certified cancer exercise trainer. - 3 weekly sessions of resistance and aerobic exercise lasting ~80 mins for sessions 1 and 3 and of aerobic exercise of ~50 mins long for session 2. - Wore Polar heart monitors during sessions. C: Wait-listed - Wore a daily accelerometer Contact: Weekly for 6mo. Follow-up: 7mo.	Physical activity measure: Physical activity history measured at baseline with interviewer-administered validated questionnaire. Determined maximal oxygen update with a single stage submaximal treadmill test. Assessed maximal voluntary strength (one-repetition maximum) for chest press, latissimus pulldown, knee extension and knee flexion using the 10-repition maximum method. Dietary measure: 2 week days and 1 weekend day dietary records at baseline, post-intervention and at 3 m follow up for I group only.	Metabolic syndrome z-score based on the following variables: -Waist circumference -Systolic and diastolic blood pressure -HDL cholesterol -Triglycerides -Glucose
Moadel 2007 (13), New York (Physical Activity)	RCT, 2-arm, efficacy	Group (N):128 I (108); C (44) Sample: Patients and survivors; -42% Black -31% Latina -23% White -4% Other Stages: I - IV Mean time since diagnosis: 1.1 y Mean age: 54.8 y Mean BMI: Not Reported Recruitment: Oncology clinics at academic medical center and private clinics	Theory: Not Reported Duration: 3mo. Delivery: I: immediate intervention 12 in person, 1.5-hour Hatha yoga sessions with certified instructor. Participants able to attend >1 class/wk. C: Wait-listed Contact: Baseline and after 3mo. Follow-up: none	Quality of Life measure: The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT)	Change in Quality of Life
Project VIVA! Mama 2018 (14), Texas and Puerto Rico (Physical Activity) Other publications (75)	RCT, 3-arm, pilot	Group (N):89 I (59); C (30) Sample: survivors -45 Mexican American -44 Puerto Rican Stages: I-IV Mean time since diagnosis: Not Reported Mean age: 58.5y Mean BMI: 31.0 kg/m2 Recruitment: Oncology clinics at academic medical center.	Theory: Social cognitive theory Duration: 4mo. Delivery: All: Twice a week home-based exercise program consisting of aerobic exercise, muscular strength, and flexibility training. - Intensity and duration were individually tailored. - Two sets of resistance band, a pedometer. an exercise book and video - Group exercises were held once a month. I-1: Culturally adapted group (n=30) - Culturally relevant images, messages, and examples to Latina breast cancer survivors - Information on self-efficacy, social modeling, and social support I-2: Standard exercise group (n=29) C: Wait-listed Contact: Biweekly phone calls for 4mo. Follow-up: 6mo.	Physical Activity and Sedentary Time: The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form to measure Physical Activity and sedentary time over the past seven days. Sedentary behavior: Past-day Adults’ Sedentary Time (PAST) Questionnaire. SCT variables: a range of scales to measure exercise self-efficacy, barriers self-efficacy, social modeling of Physical Activity, and social support for exercise.	Compare culturally adapted vs standard intervention on the following: -Social cognitive theory measures -Physical activity -Sedentary time
Taylor 2018 (16), Washington, DC (Physical Activity)	RCT, 2-arm, pilot	Group (N):33 I (18); C (15) Sample: Survivors -100% Black Stages: Not Reported Mean time since diagnosis: (I) 9.3 y and (C) 6.5 y Mean age: (I) 54.9 y and (C) 52.6 y Mean BMI: (I) 33.8 kg/m2 and (C) 33.9 kg/m2 Recruitment: Oncology clinics at academic medical center	Theory: Not Reported Duration: 2 mo. Delivery: I: Eight weekly restorative yoga classes of 75 minutes per session led by a certified yoga instructor at Howard University. - Yoga breathing techniques Pranayama. C: Wait-listed Contact: Baseline and after 2mo. Follow-up: none	Fatigue: 9-item self-reported Brief Fatigue Inventory scale, to assess fatigue and impact of fatigue on daily functioning. Insomnia: 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) measure to evaluate the perceived severability of clinically significant insomnia over 2 wks. Depression: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CES-D-R 10). 10-items self-reported, to measure depressive symptomatology. Perceived stress: 4-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Yoga Satisfaction: Assess participants opinion of the yoga program.	Changes on psychological and functional outcomes
Lee, 2021 (17), California (Physical Activity) Other publications: (76–79)	RCT, 2-arm, pilot	Group (N): 30 I (15); C (15) Sample: Patients -13% Non-Hispanic White -73% Latina -7% Black -7% Asian/Pacific Islander Stages: I-III Mean time since diagnosis: 8 wks from completing (neo)adjuvant Mean age: 46.9 y Mean BMI: I (33.1 kg/m2); C (30.1 kg/m2) Recruitment: Oncology clinics at academic medical center and affiliate public hospital	Theory: Not Reported Duration: 8 wks Delivery: All: Maximal cycling protocol that included 10 W increase in workload every 60s, starting at 40 W while maintaining 60 rpm to measure their VO2max and PPO (highest power output generated during a maximal cycling test). I: Eight weekly HITT supervised sessions by a certified exercise trainer on a stationary bike. C: Wait-listed Contact: Baseline and after 8 wks. Follow-up: none	Physical Activity measure: Timed up and go (TUG), the 30-s sit-to-stand (30STS) test, the Margaria-Kalamen stair climb test, and the 6-min walk test (6MWT).	Feasibility of utilizing HIT, measured using the average minutes of weekly activity and the number of sessions attended
Soltero 2022 (22), Arizona (Physical Activity)	RCT, 2-arm, pilot	Group (N): 20 Arm 1(10); Arm 2 (10) Sample: Survivors -65% Latina -25% Non-Hispanic White -5% Black -5% Mixed race/ethnicity Stages: 0-III Mean time since diagnosis: 2 wks to 10 y past primary treatment Mean age: Arm 1 (49.6 y), Arm 2 (53.2 y) Mean BMI: Arm 1 (31.0 kg/m2) Arm 2 (31.1 kg/m2) Recruitment: Oncology clinic and dissemination through the cancer support community.	Theory: Not Reported Duration: 8 wks Delivery: All: Used a 7-day pedometer and a Tanita TBF-310 body composition analyzer. Twice a week classes. Arm 1: Latin dance classes - Provided by Latin dance instructors, included basic salsa, merengue, chacha and bachata. Arm 2: Qigong/Tai Chi classes - Provided by Tai Chi Easy instructors. There were 7 basic core exercises, 10 additional movements and standardized opening and closing movements. C: none Contact: Baseline and after 8 wks. Follow-up: none	Physical Activity measure: 7-day pedometer protocol	Overall daily steps BMI Percent body fat
Combined Diet/Physical Activity Interventions (n= 1 efficacy trial; n= 8 pilot/feasibility trials)
Moving Forward, Stolley 2017 (9), Chicago (Diet and Physical Activity) Other publications (80–82)	RCT, 2-arm, efficacy	Group (N): 246 I (125); C (121) Sample: Survivors; -100% Black Stages: I – III Mean time since diagnosis: 6.7 y Mean age: 57.5 y Mean BMI: 36.1kg/m2 Recruitment: Cancer registry	Theory: Socioecological model Duration: 6mo. Delivery: I: Interventionist-guided program - Class 1: twice-weekly, 90 min. in-person, supervised group exercise sessions followed by 45-60 min learning modules; text messaging counseling - Class 2: standalone, 60 min. exercise session. Provided program binder. C: Self-guided program - Received program binder Contact: Baseline and after 6mo. Follow-up: 12mo.	Physical Activity measure: Modified Activity Questionnaire to determine frequency and duration of moderate and vigorous activity Dietary measure: Block 2005 Food Frequency Questionnaire to determine intake of energy, fruits and vegetables, fat, fiber, meat, and added sugars.	5% weight loss
Ferrante 2018 (23) New Jersey (Diet and Physical Activity, eHealth tools) Other publications (83)	RCT, 2-arm, pilot	Group (n): 37 I (20); C (17) Sample: Survivors -100% Black Stages: 0-III Mean time since diagnosis: 6.6 y Mean age: 61.5y Mean BMI: 37.7 kg/m2 Recruitment: Oncology clinics at academic medical center	Theory: Not Reported Duration: 6 mo. Delivery: I: Instructed to self-monitor diet weekly using SparkPeople website and physical activity levels daily using Fitbit device. - Active phase: Weekly motivational reminders to log into website for 3mo. - Maintenance phase: Additional 3mo. without reminders. C: Wait-listed Contact: Baseline, at 3mo. and after 6mo. Follow-up: 9mo. and 12mo.	Physical Activity measure: Direct data downloads from the Fitabase research platform provided Physical Activity levels. Dietary measure: Caloric intake was quantified by 24-hour diet recall administered by research assistant using the Sparkpeople.com food diary tool.	5% weight loss
Valle 2017 (25), North Carolina (Diet and Physical Activity, eHealth tools)	RCT, 3-arm, pilot	Group (n): 45 I (34); C (11) Sample: Survivors -100% Black Stages: I-III Mean time since diagnosis: 3.1 y Mean age: 53 y Mean BMI: 33.9 kg/m2 Recruitment: Hospital based-registry/cancer survivorship cohort, oncology clinics at academic medical center, local tumor registry, advertising at community-based events and social media.	Theory: Self-regulation theory of eating and exercise behaviors to prevent weight gain and two additional frameworks used in STOP Regain and SNAP which emphasized daily self-weighing. Duration: 6 mo. Delivery: All (intervention): - In-person individualized sessions - Bluetooth and Wifi-enabled wireless scale (Withings WS-30, Cambridge, MA) - Mobile app with graphs and weight trends - Weekly emails with tailored feedback on weight data. I-1: Self-regulation intervention with objective activity monitoring (n=11) Activity tracker (Withings Pulse, Cambridge, MA) I-2: Self-regulation intervention only (n=13) - Encouraged to daily track their activity in addition to weighing themselves C: Wait-listed Follow-up: 6mo.	Physical Activity measure: Paffenbarger Activity Questionnaire (PAQ). Dietary measure: Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Recall (ASA-24).	Weight gain prevention
La Vida Activa/An Active Life Greenlee 2013, (26), New York (Diet and Physical Activity)	RCT, 2-arm, pilot	Group (n): 42 I (22); C (20) Sample: Survivors; -79% Latina -21% Black Stages: 0 - III Mean time since diagnosis: 1.2 y Mean age: 51 y Mean BMI: 33.2 kg/m2 Recruitment: oncology clinics at academic medical center	Theory: Not Reported Duration: 6 mo. Delivery: I: Curves Weight Management Program curriculum available to the public. Program includes a 30-minute exercise circuit and a high vegetable/low-fat/calories-restricted diet. C: Wait-listed Contact: Baseline, 3mo and at 6mo. Follow-up: 9mo and 12mo.	Physical Activity measure: Self-administer adaption of the Kaiser Physical Activity Survey Dietary measure: Spanish version of the Block Questionnaire.	5% weight loss at 6 mo.
ALIVE, Paxton 2017 (27), Texas (Diet and Physical Activity, eHealth tools)	RCT, 2-arm, pilot	Group (n): 71 Arm 1 (34); Arm 2 (37) Sample: Survivors -83% Black -11% Latina -6% Mixed race/ethnicity Stages: 0 - IV Mean time since diagnosis: 8.4 y Mean age: 52.2 y Mean BMI: 30.8 kg/m2 Recruitment: North Texas metropolitan area	Theory: Social cognitive theory, goal-setting theory, social marketing, and transtheoretical theory Duration: 3 mo. Delivery: All: Weekly emails and links to an individualized website with behavior change strategies tailored to their specific needs and specific to their track. $20 incentive for completing each assessment. Arm 1: Physical activity track: encouraged to meet exercise recommendations (≥150 min of moderate to vigorous Physical Activity per week) Arm 2: Dietary track - Sub-track 1: F&V: encouraged to meet or exceed recommended F&V consumption (≥3.5 cup svgs of F&V) - Sub-track 2: Fats and added sugar: encouraged to decrease consumption of saturated and trans fats and carbohydrates (≤50g/day of added sugars and ≤10% of calories from saturated fats) C: none Contact: Weekly for 3mo. Follow-up: none	Physical Activity measure: Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ) adapted from the Cross-Cultural Activity Participation Study (CAPS) Questionnaire. Dietary measure: 35-item NHANES questionnaire	Meet exercise recommendations Meet dietary recommendations
Stepping STONE Sheppard 2016 (28), Washington, DC (Diet and Physical Activity)	RCT, 2-arm, pilot	Group(n): 31 I (15); C (16) Sample: Survivors; -100% Black Stages: 0-III Mean time since diagnosis: Not Reported Mean age: 54.7 y Mean BMI: I (35.2 kg/m2); C (37.4 kg/m2) Recruitment: Two local hospitals and community outreach in the Washington, DC metropolitan area.	Theory: Theory of planned behavior and social cognitive theory Duration: 3 mo. Delivery: I: Biweekly 90-min group sessions (30 min supervised group exercise and 60 min education sessions) co-led by a physiologist and a nutritionist. - 6 individual telephone coaching sessions led by a survivor coach. - Received a pedometer, notebook and individualized step goals that gradually increased to 10,000 steps/day for 12 wks. C: Usual care - NCI booklet “Facing Forward Life after Cancer Treatment” Contact: Baseline and after 3mo. Follow-up: none	Physical Activity measure: International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF) Dietary measure: Intervention participants were instructed to record daily food/beverage intake.	5% weight loss
MyHealth Smartphone Intervention Buscemi 2020 (29), Chicago (Diet and Physical Activity, eHealth tools) Other publications (84)	RCT, 2-arm, pilot	Group(n): 80 Arm 1 (40); Arm 2 (40) Sample: Survivors -100 % Latina Stages: 0-III Mean time since diagnosis: 15.50 m Mean age: 53.54 y Mean BMI: Not Reported Recruitment: Two large academic medical centers in the Chicago metropolitan area and a local community-based organization	Theory: Followed a telecoaching adapted from a model of supportive accountability to promote optimal adherence Duration: 6 wks Delivery: Mobile application on personal phone or borrowed study appointed smartphone All: 15-20 mins telecoaching calls until wk 2 For wks 3-5: - If used app <=90mins, received additional telecoaching calls - If used app >90 mins, received reinforcing text message Arm 1: My Guide application (health-related quality of life) Arm 2: My Health application for culturally appropriate lifestyle promotion: C: None Contact: Baseline and after 6 wks Follow-up: 8 wks.	Physical Activity measure: 7-item International Physical Activity Questionnaire Dietary measure: 23-item Brief Dietary Assessment Tool for Latinas	Dietary intake Physical activity Breast cancer symptom burden Health-related quality of life domains (breast cancer, physical, emotional, functional well-being)
Nuestra Salud/ Our Health, Crane 2020 (31), Arizona (Diet and Physical Activity, eHealth tools)	RCT, 2-arm, pilot	Group(n): 45 dyads I (28); C (17) Sample: Survivors; -100 % Latina Stages: Not Reported Mean time since diagnosis: Not Reported, completed primary treatment Mean age: 64.35 y Mean BMI: I (31.34 kg/m2); C (27.08 kg/m2) Recruitment: Latina cancer survivors from the southern Arizona community, oncology clinics at academic medical center, and a support group in the Arizona, US-Sonora, Mexico border region.	Theory: Social Cognitive Theory Duration: 12 wks Delivery: All: $25 gift card after study completion. I: A 12 weekly Symptom Management and Lifestyle Intervention (SMLI) telephone-based (20 to 30 mins) coaching sessions with trained bicultural health coach in either English or Spanish using the electronic health and intervention platform (eHIP). - Printed materials from the Symptom Management and Survivorship Handbook developed by the authors (SMSH). - Fitbit as a strategy for self-monitoring. - Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Timely (SMART) goals composed of increasing the number of steps per day (daily activity); servings of F&V or whole grains per day; reduction of calories from added sugars, fat, and processed and red meat; and reduction in alcohol consumption. C: Usual care Contact: Baseline and after 12 wks. Follow-up: none	Physical Activity measure: A Spanish-translated version of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Physical Activity Questionnaire. Dietary measure: A 19-item NCI Dietary Screener Questionnaire 18-item United States Department of Agriculture Food Security Questionnaire	Feasibility & acceptability Efficacy in dietary and Physical Activity adherence Efficacy in symptom improvement
Mobile Health, Allicock 2020 (32), Dallas, Texas (Diet and Physical Activity, eHealth tools)	RCT, 2-arm, pilot	Group (n): 22 I (13); C (9) Sample: Survivors; -100% Black Stages: Not Reported Mean time since diagnosis: Not Reported, ≥6 months since completion of breast cancer treatment Mean age: 52.23 y Mean BMI: I (33.26 kg/m2); C (38.25 kg/m2) Recruitment: Word of mouth and flyers in Dallas, Texas metropolitan area.	Theory: Social cognitive theory and control theory Duration: 4 wks Delivery: All: ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer to use for seven consecutive days at baseline, 4 wks, and 8 wks post-baseline. $30 compensation for each of the three study visits and could earn up to an additional $60 for completing 80% or more of the ecological momentary assessments. I: Completed three types of ecological momentary assessments (daily diary, random sampling, event sampling) through the Creating Healthy Actions through Technology (CHAT) app. - Received tailored messages as feedback to their responses. C: Usual care Contact: Baseline and after 4 wks. Follow-up: 8 wks	Physical Activity measure: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) physical activity questionnaire Dietary measure: 15-item questionnaire, The National Health Interview Survey 2000	Feasibility (i.e., engagement and acceptability) Efficacy of CHAT in behavioral and health outcomes