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. 2023 Mar 13;14:1105673. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1105673

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

B cells in COVID-19 show more robust plasmablast response and antibody diversity relative to HIV-1. (A) UMAP embeddings of B cells colored by subtype. (B) Dot plot of canonical B cell marker expression across subtypes. (C) Stacked bar plots of the relative frequency of subtypes present in each patient. (D) Box plots of the proportions of B cell and plasmablast subsets across each disease condition. Proportions are computed for each patient by dividing their number of cells in each B cell/plasmablast subset by their total number of B cells + plasmablasts. p-values are computed with Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Holm-Bonferroni adjustment. (E) Double differential gene expression plot of genes that are differentially expressed between COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls or differentially expressed between HIV-1+ patients compared to healthy controls. (F) Dot plot of enriched biological pathways from differentially expressed genes that were found to be upregulated (right, positive) or downregulated (left, negative) compared to healthy controls. (G) Heatmap of top 20 light chain (Y-axis) and heavy chain (X-axis) combinations found in HIV-1+ and COVID-19 patients. (H) Heatmap indicating the light chain/heavy chain combinations that are either unique to HIV-1+ (light blue), COVID-19 (red), or shared across the two diseases (dark blue).