Figure 12.

2,3-cGAMP upregulates IL-10 production in human CD4⁺T cells. (A, B) Colonic biopsies were obtained from healthy control (HC) subjects (n = 12) and patients with UC (n = 7). (A) Temem173 (Sting) expression in colonic biopsies from HC subjects and UC patients. (B) The correlation between Tmem173 and Il10 in intestinal biopsies. (C) Representative immunofluorescence staining of CD4 and STING in colonic tissues microarray. (D, E) Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies and then nucleofected with 2,3-cGAMP at the dose of 0.1 μg/mL and 1 μg/mL or phosphate-buffered saline as control condition. Cells were then cultured for 5 days. (D) Representative flow cytometry plots of IL-10⁺ CD4⁺ T cells. (E) Dot plots of IL-10⁺ CD4⁺ T cells. Data were shown as mean ± SEM. (D, E) One representative of 3 independent experiments. (A) Unpaired Student’s t test; (B) Person correlation analysis; (E) 1-way analysis of variance with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. ∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, ∗∗∗P < .001.