Table 1.

Context domains and stakeholders of the Tanzanian intensive poultry industry

Context	Description
Outer setting	Policy context: Government priorities for AMR mitigation are set by the Tanzanian National Action Plan on AMR, which outlined 10 action packages to combat AMR.46 While progress has been made, there remains an important implementation gap in action packages that address the root cause of AMR in agriculture and poultry production. National policies, regulations and guidelines that may influence the poultry production industry include, but are not limited to, the National One Health Strategic Plan,47,48 Tanzania Livestock Master Plan (2017/2018–2021/2022),49 National Livestock Research Agenda 2020–2025,50 National Livestock Policy (2006),51 The Animal Diseases (Hatcheries and Breeding flock farms) Regulations (2019)52 and The Grazing-Land and Animal Feed Resources Act.53 Economic context: The growing demand for poultry meat and eggs as a healthier and cheaper alternative to other meat products has led to growing economic opportunities for the poultry industry.41,42 Policy interventions in Tanzania are also expected to stimulate further growth in the private sector.49
Inner setting	The inner setting is intensive poultry production farms, who are willing to explore strategies to reduce AMU by implementing vaccination and other biosecurity programmes.
Stakeholders	Individual actors: Policymakers Poultry farmers and other farming personnel Veterinary personnel Researchers Organizational actors: Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Local government authorities National Poultry Association Poultry Breeders Association University Vaccine providers
Implementation process	Conduct cross-sectional qualitative (key-informant interviews) and quantitative surveys (questionnaires) to understand knowledge, practices, behaviours and skills to tailor interventions to local realities. Conduct a cluster RCT (cRCT) to test the implementation of the intervention package (vaccinations and other biosecurity programmes). Build a business model for implementing the interventions. Conduct local capacity building of farmers and researchers. Disseminate research findings with other community stakeholders in popular media, peer-reviewed journals and stakeholder meetings.