TABLE 2.
The canine as a model of IVDD
| Model | Features | References |
|---|---|---|
| ChD canine | A clinically relevant intermediate‐sized animal model of IVD‐associated spinal pain | 109 |
| ChD and non‐ChD canine IVD | Cervical IVD herniation in ChD and non‐ChD small breed dogs | 110 |
| Canine | IVDD in dogs: consequences, diagnosis, treatment. | 111 |
| Canine | Canine IVDD model | 28, 112 |
| Canine | Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging, and histological findings in surgically treated IVDs | 113 |
| Canine | Incidence of IVDD‐related diseases and associated mortality rates | 114 |
| Canine | Canine model of IVDD | 27 |
| Canine | Macroscopic grading of IVDD degeneration using the Thompson system and comparison with low‐field MRI | 115 |
| ChD and non‐ChD canine IVD | Evaluation of IVDD in dogs by use of Pfirrmann grading and low‐field magnetic resonance imaging | 116 |
| Canine | A review of IVDD in dogs | 117 |
| Canine | Retrospective study of IVD herniation in dogs in Japan | 118 |
| Canine thoracolumbar IVD | Canine thoracolumbar IVDD: diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment | 119 |
| ChD and non‐ChD canine IVD | A histopathological comparison of intervertebral disc degeneration in chondrodystrophic and non‐chondrodystrophic dogs | 120 |
| Therapeutic agents examined for canine disc regeneration | |
|---|---|
| Procedure | References |
| Human bone morphogenetic protein 7 transfected NP cells delay the degeneration of the canine IVD | 121 |
| Effects of osteogenic protein‐1 on intervertebral disc regeneration in animal models | 122 |
| Intradiscal application of rhBMP‐7 does not induce regeneration in a canine model of spontaneous IVDD | 123 |
| NP cells expressing hBMP7 can prevent the degeneration of allogenic IVD in a canine transplantation model | 124 |
| NTG‐101 molecular therapy halts progression of canine DDD | 125, 126 |
| Restoration of IVD integrity by intradiscal delivery of Celecoxib‐loaded microspheres | 127 |
| IVD repair using Link‐N | 128 |
| Extradural morphine use in postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing IVD surgery | 129 |
| Use of MSCs, notochordal cells/notochordal conditioned media in regenerative procedures on the canine IVD | |
|---|---|
| Procedure | References |
| Treatment of naturally degenerated canine lumbosacral IVDs with autologous MSCs | 130, 131 |
| Use of notochordal cell‐derived matrix for biological repair of the IVD | 132 |
| Therapeutic use of bone marrow MSCs to treat canine IVDD | 130, 131 |
| Notochordal‐cell derived extracellular vesicles exert regenerative effects on canine and human NP cells | 133 |
| Treatment of canine IVDD using notochordal rich NP | 126 |
| BMP‐2, but not MSCs, exert regenerative effects on Canine and Human NP cells | 134 |
| A review of MSC and bioscaffold use in disc repair and regeneration | 135 |
| A review of the use of MSCs in the treatment of IVDD in companion animals | 136 |
| Transplantation of adipose derived MSCs for acute thoracolumbar disc disease | 137 |
| Human Wharton's jelly cell transplantation for the treatment of canine IVDD | 138 |
| Coculture of notochordal, NP and MSCs for canine IVD regeneration | 139 |
| Notochord conditioned medium stimulates ECM production by NP and MSCs | 140 |
| Regenerative treatment strategies for IVDD in dogs | 141 |
| Canine notochordal cell‐secreted factors protect murine and human NP cells from apoptosis by inhibition of activated caspase‐9 and caspase‐3/7. | 142 |
| IVD‐derived stem cells: implications for regenerative medicine and neural repair | 143 |
| Cell number effects on MSC transplantation in canine IVDD | 144 |
| MSCs arrest IVDD through chondrocytic differentiation and resident IVD cell stimulation | 145 |
| Cell transplantation for the treatment of lumbar IVDD | 146 |
| MSCs for the treatment of canine IVDD | 147 |
| Bioscaffolds evaluated for the repair of the canine IVD | ||
|---|---|---|
| Scaffold | Functional properties | References |
| Thermoreversible HA‐ poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (HA‐pNIPAM) hydrogels | Injectable thermoreversible HA‐hydrogel NP cell microbeads. Suitable for NP repair as an injectable carrier, maintained cell phenotype, ECM production. | 148 |
| Implantation of bullet fragments made from copper, lead, and aluminum alloys in lumbar IVDs | Impact of surgically implanted copper, lead, and aluminum alloy bullets in lumbar IVDs. Significant IVD tissue reactions noted with copper and lead. Copper produced severe IVDD aluminum alloy did not. | 149 |
| Poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐lactide)‐β‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐β poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐lactide) PCLA‐PEG‐PCLA hydrogel slow release celecoxib | Intradiscal application of a PCLA‐PEG‐PCLA celecoxib loaded hydrogel for the treatment of LBP. LBP in 9 of 10 dogs, evident by clinical examination and owner questionnaires. | 127 |
| Total disc replacement | Tissue‐engineered (TE) canine cervical IVDs from adult canine AF and NP cells seeded in collagen and alginate hydrogel IVD molds. At 4 and 16‐weeks NP cells surrounded by PG‐rich ECM, fibrocartilaginous ECM in AF. IVDs stable, stable disc height, hydration over 16 weeks and integration with host tissue. | 150 |
| Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) | Anterior canine cervical IVD fusion using bioactive polyetheretherketone. Bony fusion rate of TiO2‐coated PEEK ~40% by μCT, better fusion rates and bone‐bonding ability than uncoated PEEK implant. | 151 |
| Injection of polyester amide microspheres | Safety and biocompatibility of intradiscal injection of polyester amide (PEA) microspheres in a canine model of IVDD. Good cyto‐ and biocompatibility, safe sustained release of intradiscal delivery of biologics. | 152 |
| Injection of gelified ethanol into lumbosacral IVDs of healthy dogs | Short and long term effects of gelified ethanol in lumbosacral IVDs to treat IVD protrusions in humans via NP injection. | 153 |
| PEG and methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) in the treatment of herniated IVDs | Placebo‐controlled, prospective, randomized clinical trial of polyethylene glycol and methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) in the treatment of herniated IVDs, 47.6% dogs recovered ambulation | 154 |
| Celecoxib‐loaded poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide hydrogel | Intradiscal application of a thermoreversible celecoxib‐loaded poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide MgFe‐layered double hydroxide hydrogel | 155 |
| MSC loaded injectable microcryogel reinforced alginate | Microcryogel reinforced alginate encapsulation of MSCs for leak‐proof delivery alleviated canine IVDD | 156 |
| TE IVD allograft | Tissue‐engineered allograft IVD transplantation | 157 |
| NP hydrogel prosthesis: canine IVD. | Evaluation of a hydrogel NP prosthesis ex vivo | 158 |
| TE IVD composite | Evaluation of a TE IVD composite for disc regeneration | 159 |
| Alginate/chitosan hybrid scaffold | Alginate/chitosan hybrid fiber scaffold for AF cells | 160 |