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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2022 Sep 30;41(10):2764–2776. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2022.3171778

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.

Illustration of GPC, E-P and N-P in graph form and matrix form. They show that even though they represent the same edge, Eij and Eji get through different path in model, which make their gradient different. So we should regard Eij and Eji as two streams of the edge and use multi-stream BP algorithm to calculate its real gradient.