Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Embriaco et al. [37], 2007 | Frade Mera et al. [45], 2009 | Voultsos et al. [33], 2010 | Merlani et al. [39], 2011 | Karanikola et al. [43], 2012 | Giannini et al. [44], 2013 | Teixeira et al. [40], 2013 | Burghi et al. [38], 2014 | Teixeira et al. [41], 2014 | Zhang et al. [42], 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | France | Spain | Greece, Cyprus | Switzerland | Greece | Italy | Portugal | Uruguay | Portugal | China |
| Multicenter | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Study carried out during the pre-COVID-19 era | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Physicians, N | 978 | – | 80 | 459 | – | 71 | 73 | 82 | 82 | – |
| Female gender, N | 244 | – | 49 | 193 | 37 | – | – | – | – | |
| Nurses, N | – | 123 | – | 2415 | 152 | 127 | 194 | 282 | 218 | 426 |
| Female gender, N | – | – | – | 2018 | 119 | 33 | – | – | – | 377 |
| Definition of high-level burnout | Total > − 9 | EE > 24 + DP ≥ 9 + PA < 33 | EE ≥ 27 or DP ≥ 10 or PA ≤ 33 | Total > − 9 | EE ≥ 31 + DP ≥ 11 + PA ≤ 35 | Total > − 9 | EE ≥ 25 + DP ≥ 10 + PA ≤ 32 | Total > − 9 | EE ≥ 25 + DP ≥ 10 + PA ≤ 32 | EE ≥ 27 + DP ≥ 10 + PA ≤ 33 |
| Response rate, % | 82 | 73 | 81.6 | 76 | 21 | 89 | 67 | 88 | – | 98.8 |
| Garrouste et al. [36], 2015 | Awajeh et al. [21], 2018 | See et al. [35], 2018 | Vincent et al. [34], 2019 | Rosa et al. [25], 2019 | Azoulay et al. [24], 2020 | Azoulay et al. [23], 2021 | Bruyneel et al. [22], 2021 | Butera et al. [27], 2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | France | Saudi Arabia | Asia | UK | Brazil | International | France | Belgium | Belgium | |
| Multicenter | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Study carried out during the pre-COVID-19 era | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No (1st wave) | No (2nd wave) | No (1st wave) | Yes | No (1st wave) |
| Physicians, N | 330 | – | 992 | 766 | 50 | 846 | 175 | – | – | – |
| Female gender, N | 138 | – | 283 | 235 | – | 290 | – | – | – | – |
| Nurses, N | – | 270 | 3100 | 157 | 85 | – | 412 | 1135 | 283 | 1189 |
| Female gender, N | – | 262 | 2700 | 125 | – | – | – | 892 | – | – |
| Definition of high-level burnout | Total > − 9 | EE ≥ 27 + DP ≥ 10 + PA ≤ 33 | EE ≥ 28 or DP ≥ 11 | EE ≥ 27 ± DP ≥ 10 ± PA ≤ 33 | Total > − 9 | Total > − 9 | Total > − 9 | EE ≥ 27 or DP ≥ 10 or PA ≤ 33 | EE ≥ 27 or DP ≥ 10 or PA ≤ 33 | EE ≥ 27 or DP ≥ 10 or PA ≤ 33 |
| Response rate, % | 82 | 90 | 66 | – | 89 | 15 | 70.2 | – | 46 | 68 |
| Hu et al. [31], 2021 | Kok et al. [29], 2021 | Moll et al. [28], 2021 | Wang et al. [32], 2021 | Yildiz et al. [26], 2021 | Omar et al. [30], 2022 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | China | The Netherlands | US | China | Turkey | Qatar | ||
| Multicenter | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Study carried out during the pre-COVID-19 era | Yes | Yes | No (1st wave) | Yes | No (2nd wave) | No (1st wave) | Yes | Yes |
| Physicians, N | 1122 | 53 | 49 | 43 | 59 | 1813 | – | 160 |
| Female gender, N | 484 | – | – | 9 | 16 | 673 | – | – |
| Nurses, N | 1289 | 199 | 184 | 425 | 453 | – | 164 | 201 |
| Female gender, N | 1172 | – | – | 323 | 372 | – | 112 | – |
| Definition of high-level burnout | EE ≥ 27 or DP ≥ 13 or PA ≤ 31 | Total > − 9 | Total > − 9 | Total > − 9 | Total > − 9 | EE ≥ 27 + DP ≥ 10 or PA ≤ 33 | EE ≥ 18 or DP ≥ 10 or PA ≤ 21 | EE ≥ 27 ± DP ≥ 13 ± PA ≤ 33 |
| Response rate, % | 31.3 | 53.3 | 53.3 | 46.5 | 49.9 | 90.7 | 68 | 36.4 |
EE emotional exhaustion, DP depersonalisation, PA personal accomplishment