Table 3.
Subset analysis: hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for associations with mortality by cause, single exposure models (Model 3)
| Exposure | subset | N | % | Natural cause mortality | CVD mortality | Respiratory mortality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 | Full | 4,188,175 | 100.0 | 1.026 (1.015, 1.038) | 1.026 (1.008, 1.044) | 0.981 (0.953, 1.010) |
| < 25 | 4,184,842 | 99.9 | 1.027 (1.017, 1.038) | 1.028 (1.011, 1.046) | 0.980 (0.951, 1.009) | |
| < 20 | 4,127,077 | 98.5 | 1.038 (1.026, 1.049) | 1.039 (1.020, 1.058) | 0.968 (0.933, 1.003) | |
| < 15 | 1,128,701 | 26.9 | 1.012 (0.992, 1.033) | 1.016 (0.985, 1.049) | 0.886 (0.829, 0.946) | |
| < 12 | 265,253 | 6.3 | 1.024 (0.983, 1.067) | 1.051 (0.986, 1.120) | 0.788 (0.690, 0.899) | |
| NO2 | Full | 4,188,175 | 100.0 | 1.050 (1.041, 1.059) | 1.026 (1.014, 1.039) | 1.051 (1.031, 1.072) |
| < 40 | 4,087,413 | 97.6 | 1.057 (1.049, 1.066) | 1.034 (1.021, 1.047) | 1.044 (1.020, 1.069) | |
| < 30 | 3,406,891 | 81.3 | 1.059 (1.049, 1.068) | 1.038 (1.022, 1.053) | 1.023 (0.993, 1.053) | |
| < 20 | 1,331,208 | 31.8 | 1.018 (1.000, 1.036) | 0.996 (0.968, 1.024) | 0.945 (0.889, 1.004) | |
| BC | Full | 4,188,175 | 100.0 | 1.057 (1.048, 1.067) | 1.036 (1.022, 1.051) | 1.067 (1.043, 1.090) |
| < 3 | 4,177,681 | 99.7 | 1.060 (1.051, 1.070) | 1.039 (1.024, 1.053) | 1.068 (1.043, 1.093) | |
| < 2.5 | 4,094,565 | 97.8 | 1.066 (1.055, 1.076) | 1.045 (1.029, 1.061) | 1.064 (1.036, 1.092) | |
| < 2 | 3,494,997 | 83.4 | 1.074 (1.062, 1.086) | 1.054 (1.034, 1.075) | 1.039 (1.003, 1.076) | |
| < 1.5 | 1,471,268 | 35.1 | 1.039 (1.013, 1.066) | 1.051 (1.011, 1.093) | 0.945 (0.867, 1.030) | |
| O3 warm | Full | 4,188,175 | 100.0 | 0.946 (0.939, 0.954) | 0.958 (0.946, 0.970) | 0.947 (0.924, 0.971) |
| < 120 | 4,188,175 | 100.0 | 0.946 (0.939, 0.954) | 0.958 (0.946, 0.970) | 0.947 (0.924, 0.971) | |
| < 100 | 3,411,297 | 81.5 | 0.933 (0.921, 0.945) | 0.963 (0.945, 0.982) | 0.896 (0.867, 0.926) | |
| Total noise | Full | 4,188,175 | 100.0 | 1.045 (1.040, 1.049) | 1.041 (1.035, 1.047) | 1.056 (1.043, 1.069) |
| < 60 | 2,892,575 | 69.1 | 1.031 (1.025, 1.038) | 1.028 (1.018, 1.038) | 1.030 (1.007, 1.054) | |
| < 55 | 1,983,482 | 47.4 | 1.018 (1.009, 1.027) | 1.008 (0.993, 1.022) | 0.984 (0.953, 1.015) | |
| < 53 | 1,562,118 | 37.3 | 1.012 (1.002, 1.023) | 0.998 (0.981, 1.015) | 0.964 (0.929, 1.000) |
Exposure increments: PM2.5 per 5 µg/m3, NO2 per 10 µg/m3, BC per 0.5 × 10–5/m, O3 warm per 10 µg/m3, Total (transportation) noise per 10 dB
Model 3 (main model) adjusted for age, sex, individual level variables (education level, occupational status, marital status, origin, mother tongue), and area-level SES variables (composite score, unemployment rate, low education rate, high education rate)