Fig. 4.

Intranasal administration of ADSC-Exo improved neurobehavior function and inhibit ferroptosis after ischemic stroke in mice. A Experimental schedule. ADSC-Exo intranasal administration was performed daily for 1–3 days after MCAO. B The neurological deficits were assessed by mNSS evaluation before MCAO and 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after the operation, n = 10. C The grasping function of mice’s affected limbs before MCAO and 14 and 28 days after the operation was assessed by foot fault test, n = 10. D The motor function before MCAO and 7, 14, and 28 days after the operation was assessed by open-field test, n = 10. E The coordination function before MCAO and 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after the operation was assessed by the rotarod test, n = 10. F Ferroptosis-related protein markers ACSL4 and GPX4 expression detected by Western blot, n = 5. G Quantification of the protein expression of ACSL4, n = 5. H Quantification of the protein expression of GPX4, n = 5. I Quantification of the malondialdehyde (MDA), n = 5. J Quantification of ferrous iron level (Fe²⁺), n = 5. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001