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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 27.
Published in final edited form as: Addict Behav. 2017 Jan 26;70:18–22. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.034

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Conceptual model of the indirect effect (ab) of financial strain on smoking motives for negative affect reduction, and negative mood abstinence expectancies, and perceived barriers to quitting through depressive symptoms. Note: N = 102; *p < 0.05. a path = Effect of X on M; b paths = Effect of M on Yi; c paths = Total effect of X on Yi; c′ paths = Direct effect of X on Yi controlling for M. Three separate paths were conducted (Y1–3) with the predictor (X). Covariates included gender, age, race, education, negative affectivity (PANAS-NA), and cigarettes smoked per day (SHQ).